version: 1.0.109

.agent/workflows/jspg.md

@@ -4,9 +4,11 @@ description: jspg work preparation
 
 This workflow will get you up-to-speed on the JSPG custom json-schema-based cargo pgrx postgres validation extension. Everything you read will be in the jspg directory/project.
 
-Read over this entire workflow and commit to every section of work in a task list, so that you don't stop half way through before reviewing all of the directories and files mentioned. Do not ask for confirmation after generating this task list and proceed through all sections in your list.
+Read over this entire workflow and commit to every section of work in a fresh task list (DO THIS FIRST), so that you don't stop half way through before reviewing all of the directories and files mentioned. Do not ask for confirmation after generating this task list and proceed through all sections in your list.
 
-Please analyze the files and directories and do not use cat, find, or the terminal to discover or read in any of these files. Analyze every file mentioned. If a directory is mentioned or a /*, please analyze the directory, every single file at its root, and recursively analyze every subdirectory and every single file in every subdirectory to capture not just critical files, but the entirety of what is requested. I state again, DO NOT just review a cherry picking of files in any folder or wildcard specified. Review 100% of all files discovered recursively!
+Please analyze the files and directories and do not use cat, find, or the terminal AT ALL to discover or read in any of these files! USE YOUR TOOLS ONLY. Analyze every file mentioned. If a directory is mentioned or a /*, please analyze the directory, every single file at its root, and recursively analyze every subdirectory and every single file in every subdirectory to capture not just critical files, but the entirety of what is requested. I state again, DO NOT just review a cherry picking of files in any folder or wildcard specified. Review 100% of all files discovered recursively!
+
+Do not make any code changes. Just focus on your task list and reading files!
 
 Section 1: Various Documentation
 
@@ -48,7 +50,6 @@ Now, review some punc type and enum source in the api project with api/ these fi
 - api/punc/sql/tables.sql
 - api/punc/sql/domains.sql
 - api/punc/sql/indexes.sql
-- api/punc/sql/functions/entity.sql
 - api/punc/sql/functions/puncs.sql
 - api/punc/sql/puncs/entity.sql
 - api/punc/sql/puncs/persons.sql

GEMINI.md

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ JSPG operates by deeply integrating the JSON Schema Draft 2020-12 specification
 *   **Queryer**: Compile JSON Schemas into static, cached SQL SPI `SELECT` plans for fetching full entities or isolated ad-hoc object boundaries.
 
 ### 🎯 Goals
-1.  **Draft 2020-12 Compliance**: Attempt to adhere to the official JSON Schema Draft 2020-12 specification.
+1.  **Draft 2020-12 Based**: Attempt to adhere to the official JSON Schema Draft 2020-12 specification, while heavily augmenting it for strict structural typing.
 2.  **Ultra-Fast Execution**: Compile schemas into optimized in-memory validation trees and cached SQL SPIs to bypass Postgres Query Builder overheads.
 3.  **Connection-Bound Caching**: Leverage the PostgreSQL session lifecycle using an **Atomic Swap** pattern. Schemas are 100% frozen, completely eliminating locks during read access.
 4.  **Structural Inheritance**: Support object-oriented schema design via Implicit Keyword Shadowing and virtual `$family` references natively mapped to Postgres table constraints.
@@ -20,9 +20,132 @@ JSPG operates by deeply integrating the JSON Schema Draft 2020-12 specification
 To support high-throughput operations while allowing for runtime updates (e.g., during hot-reloading), JSPG uses an **Atomic Swap** pattern:
 1. **Parser Phase**: Schema JSONs are parsed into ordered `Schema` structs.
 2. **Compiler Phase**: The database iterates all parsed schemas and pre-computes native optimization maps (Descendants Map, Depths Map, Variations Map).
-3. **Immutable AST Caching**: The `Validator` struct immutably owns the `Database` registry. Schemas themselves are frozen structurally, but utilize `OnceLock` interior mutability during the Compilation Phase to permanently cache resolved `$ref` inheritances, properties, and `compiled_edges` directly onto their AST nodes. This guarantees strict `O(1)` relationship and property validation execution at runtime without locking or recursive DB polling.
+3. **Immutable AST Caching**: The `Validator` struct immutably owns the `Database` registry. Schemas themselves are frozen structurally, but utilize `OnceLock` interior mutability during the Compilation Phase to permanently cache resolved `type` inheritances, properties, and `compiled_edges` directly onto their AST nodes. This guarantees strict `O(1)` relationship and property validation execution at runtime without locking or recursive DB polling.
 4. **Lock-Free Reads**: Incoming operations acquire a read lock just long enough to clone the `Arc` inside an `RwLock<Option<Arc<Validator>>>`, ensuring zero blocking during schema updates.
 
+### Global API Reference
+These functions operate on the global `GLOBAL_JSPG` engine instance and provide administrative boundaries:
+
+*   `jspg_setup(database jsonb) -> jsonb`: Initializes the engine. Deserializes the full database schema registry (types, enums, puncs, relations) from Postgres and compiles them into memory atomically.
+*   `jspg_teardown() -> jsonb`: Clears the current session's engine instance from `GLOBAL_JSPG`, resetting the cache.
+*   `jspg_schemas() -> jsonb`: Exports the fully compiled AST snapshot (including all inherited dependencies) out of `GLOBAL_JSPG` into standard JSON Schema representations.
+
+---
+
+## 2. Schema Modeling (Punc Developer Guide)
+
+JSPG augments standard JSON Schema 2020-12 to provide an opinionated, strict, and highly ergonomic Object-Oriented paradigm. Developers defining Punc Data Models should follow these conventions.
+
+### Types of Types
+*   **Table-Backed (Entity Types)**: Primarily defined in root type schemas. These represent physical Postgres tables.
+    *   They absolutely **require** an `$id`.
+    *   The schema conceptually requires a `type` discriminator at runtime so the engine knows what physical variation to interact with.
+    *   Can inherit other entity types to build lineage (e.g. `person` -> `organization` -> `entity`).
+*   **Field-Backed (JSONB Bubbles)**: These are shapes that live entirely inside a Postgres JSONB column without being tied to a top-level table constraint.
+    *   **Global `$id` Promotion**: Utilizing explicit `$id` declarations promotes the schema to the Global Registry. This effectively creates strictly-typed code-generator universes (e.g., generating an `InvoiceNotificationMetadata` Dart class) operating cleanly inside unstructured Postgres JSONB columns.
+    *   They can re-use the standard `type` discriminator locally for `oneOf` polymorphism without conflicting with global Postgres Table constraints.
+
+### Discriminators & The Dot Convention (A.B)
+In Punc, polymorphic targets like explicit tagged unions or STI (Single Table Inheritance) rely on discriminators. Because Punc favors universal consistency, a schema's data contract must be explicit and mathematically identical regardless of the routing context an endpoint consumes it through.
+
+**The 2-Tier Paradigm**: The system inherently prevents "God Tables" by restricting routing to exactly two dimensions, guaranteeing absolute $O(1)$ lookups without ambiguity:
+1. **Vertical Routing (`type`)**: Identifies the specific Postgres Table lineage (e.g. `person` vs `organization`).
+2. **Horizontal Routing (`kind.type`)**: Natively evaluates Single Table Inheritance. The runtime dynamically concatenates `$kind.$type` to yield the namespace-protected schema `$id` (e.g. `light.person`), maintaining collision-free schema registration.
+
+Therefore, any schema that participates in polymorphic discrimination MUST explicitly define its discriminator properties natively inside its `properties` block. However, to stay DRY and maintain flexible APIs, you **DO NOT** need to hardcode `const` values, nor should you add them to your `required` array. The Punc engine treats `type` and `kind` as **magic properties**.
+
+**Magic Validation Constraints**: 
+* **Dynamically Required**: The system inherently drives the need for their requirement. The Validator dynamically expects the discriminators and structurally bubbles `MISSING_TYPE` ultimata ONLY when a polymorphic router (`$family` / `oneOf`) dynamically requires them to resolve a path. You never manually put them in the JSON schema `required` block.
+* **Implicit Resolution**: When wrapped in `$family` or `oneOf`, the polymorphic router can mathematically parse the schema `$id` (e.g. `light.person`) and natively validate that `type` equals `"person"` and `kind` equals `"light"`, bubbling `CONST_VIOLATED` if they mismatch, all without you ever hardcoding `const` limitations.
+* **Generator Explicitness**: Because Postgres is the Single Source of Truth, forcing the explicit definition in `properties` initially guarantees the downstream Dart/Go code generators observe the fields and can cleanly serialize them dynamically back to the server.
+
+For example, a schema representing `$id: "light.person"` must natively define its own structural boundaries:
+```json
+{
+  "$id": "light.person",
+  "type": "person", 
+  "properties": {
+    "type": { "type": "string" },
+    "kind": { "type": "string" }
+  },
+  "required": ["type", "kind"]
+}
+```
+
+*   **The Object Contract (Presence)**: The Object enforces its own structural integrity mechanically. Standard JSON Validation natively ensures `type` and `kind` are present, bubbling `REQUIRED_FIELD_MISSING` organically if omitted.
+*   **The Dynamic Values (`db.types`)**: Because the `type` and `kind` properties technically exist, the Punc engine dynamically intercepts them during `validate_object`. It mathematically parses the schema `$id` (e.g. `light.person`) and natively validates that `type` equals `"person"` (or a valid descendant in `db.types`) and `kind` equals `"light"`, bubbling `CONST_VIOLATED` if they mismatch.
+*   **The Routing Contract**: When wrapped in `$family` or `oneOf`, the polymorphic router can execute Lightning Fast $O(1)$ fast-paths by reading the payload's `type`/`kind` identifiers, and gracefully fallback to standard structural failure if omitted.
+
+### Composition & Inheritance (The `type` keyword)
+Punc completely abandons the standard JSON Schema `$ref` keyword. Instead, it overloads the exact same `type` keyword used for primitives. A `"type"` in Punc is mathematically evaluated as either a Native Primitive (`"string"`, `"null"`) or a Custom Object Pointer (`"budget"`, `"user"`).
+*   **Single Inheritance**: Setting `"type": "user"` acts exactly like an `extends` keyword. The schema borrows all fields and constraints from the `user` identity. During `jspg_setup`, the compiler recursively crawls the dependencies to map the physical Postgres table, permanently mapping its type restriction to `"object"` under the hood so JSON standards remain unbroken.
+*   **Implicit Keyword Shadowing**: Unlike standard JSON Schema inheritance, local property definitions natively override and shadow inherited properties.
+*   **Primitive Array Shorthand (Optionality)**: The `type` array syntax is heavily optimized for nullable fields. Defining `"type": ["budget", "null"]` natively builds a nullable strict, generating `Budget? budget;` in Dart. You can freely mix primitives like `["string", "number", "null"]`.
+    *   **Strict Array Constraint**: To explicitly prevent mathematically ambiguous Multiple Inheritance, a `type` array is strictly constrained to at most **ONE** Custom Object Pointer. Defining `"type": ["person", "organization"]` will intentionally trigger a fatal database compilation error natively instructing developers to build a proper tagged union (`oneOf`) instead.
+
+### Polymorphism (`$family` and `oneOf`)
+Polymorphism is how an object boundary can dynamically take on entirely different shapes based on the payload provided at runtime.
+*   **`$family` (Target-Based Polymorphism)**: An explicit Punc compiler macro instructing the database compiler to dynamically search its internal `db.descendants` registry and find all physical schemas that mathematically resolve to the target. 
+    *   *Across Tables (Vertical)*: If `$family: entity` is requested, the payload's `type` field acts as the discriminator, dynamically routing to standard variations like `organization` or `person` spanning multiple Postgres tables.
+    *   *Single Table (Horizontal)*: If `$family: widget` is requested, the router explicitly evaluates the Dot Convention dynamically. If the payload possesses `"type": "widget"` and `"kind": "stock"`, the router mathematically resolves to the string `"stock.widget"` and routes exclusively to that explicit `JSPG` schema.
+*   **`oneOf` (Strict Tagged Unions)**: A hardcoded array of JSON Schema candidate options. Punc strictly bans mathematical "Union of Sets" evaluation. Every `oneOf` candidate item MUST either be a pure primitive (`{ "type": "null" }`) or a user-defined Object Pointer providing a specific discriminator (e.g., `{ "type": "invoice_metadata" }`). This ensures validations remain pure $O(1)$ fast-paths and allows the Dart generator to emit pristine `sealed classes`.
+
+### Conditionals (`cases`)
+Standard JSON Schema forces developers to write deeply nested `allOf` -> `if` -> `properties` blocks just to execute conditional branching. **JSPG completely abandons `allOf` and this practice.** For declarative business logic and structural mutations conditionally based upon property bounds, use the top-level `cases` array. 
+
+It evaluates as an **Independent Declarative Rules Engine**. Every `Case` block within the array is evaluated independently in parallel. For a given rule, if the `when` condition evaluates to true, its `then` schema is executed. If it evaluates to false, its `else` schema is executed (if present). To maintain strict standard JSON Schema compatibility internally, the `when` block utilizes pure JSON Schema `properties` definitions (e.g. `enum`, `const`) rather than injecting unstandardized MongoDB operators. Because `when`, `then`, and `else` are themselves standard schemas, they natively support nested `cases` to handle mutually exclusive `else if` architectures.
+
+```json
+{
+  "$id": "save_external_account",
+  "cases": [
+    {
+      "when": {
+        "properties": {
+          "status": { "const": "unverified" }
+        },
+        "required": ["status"]
+      },
+      "then": {
+        "required": ["amount_1", "amount_2"]
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "when": { 
+        "properties": { "kind": { "const": "credit" } },
+        "required": ["kind"]
+      },
+      "then": {
+        "required": ["details"]
+      },
+      "else": {
+        "cases": [
+          {
+            "when": { "properties": { "kind": { "const": "checking" } }, "required": ["kind"] },
+            "then": { "required": ["routing_number"] }
+          }
+        ]
+      }
+    }
+  ]
+}
+```
+
+### Strict by Default & Extensibility
+*   **Strictness**: By default, any property not explicitly defined in the schema causes a validation error (effectively enforcing `additionalProperties: false` globally). 
+*   **Extensibility (`extensible: true`)**: To allow a free-for-all of undefined properties, schemas must explicitly declare `"extensible": true`. 
+*   **Structured Additional Properties**: If `additionalProperties: {...}` is defined as a schema, arbitrary keys are allowed so long as their values match the defined type constraint.
+*   **Inheritance Boundaries**: Strictness resets when crossing non-primitive `type` boundaries. A schema extending a strict parent remains strict unless it explicitly overrides with `"extensible": true`.
+
+### Format Leniency for Empty Strings
+To simplify frontend form validation, format validators specifically for `uuid`, `date-time`, and `email` explicitly allow empty strings (`""`), treating them as "present but unset".
+
+---
+
+## 3. Database
+
+The Database module manages the core execution graphs and structural compilation of the Postgres environment.
+
 ### Relational Edge Resolution
 When compiling nested object graphs or arrays, the JSPG engine must dynamically infer which Postgres Foreign Key constraint correctly bridges the parent to the nested schema. To guarantee deterministic SQL generation, it utilizes a strict, multi-step algebraic resolution process applied during the `OnceLock` Compilation phase:
 
@@ -33,16 +156,14 @@ When compiling nested object graphs or arrays, the JSPG engine must dynamically
 5.  **Implicit Base Fallback (1:M)**: If no explicit prefix matches, and M:M deduction fails, the compiler filters for exactly one remaining relation with a `null` prefix (e.g. `fk_invoice_line_invoice` -> `prefix: null`). A `null` prefix mathematically denotes the core structural parent-child ownership edge and is used safely as a fallback.
 6.  **Deterministic Abort**: If the engine exhausts all deduction pathways and the edge remains ambiguous, it explicitly aborts schema compilation (`returns None`) rather than silently generating unpredictable SQL.
 
-### Global API Reference
-These functions operate on the global `GLOBAL_JSPG` engine instance and provide administrative boundaries:
-
-*   `jspg_setup(database jsonb) -> jsonb`: Initializes the engine. Deserializes the full database schema registry (types, enums, puncs, relations) from Postgres and compiles them into memory atomically.
-*   `jspg_teardown() -> jsonb`: Clears the current session's engine instance from `GLOBAL_JSPG`, resetting the cache.
-*   `jspg_schemas() -> jsonb`: Exports the fully compiled AST snapshot (including all inherited dependencies) out of `GLOBAL_JSPG` into standard JSON Schema representations.
+### Ad-Hoc Schema Promotion
+To seamlessly support deeply nested, inline Object definitions that don't declare an explicit `$id`, JSPG aggressively promotes them to standalone topological entities during the database compilation phase. 
+*   **Hash Generation:** While evaluating the unified graph, if the compiler enters an `Object` or `Array` structure completely lacking an `$id`, it dynamically calculates a localized hash alias representing exactly its structural constraints.
+*   **Promotion:** This inline chunk is mathematically elevated to its own `$id` in the `db.schemas` cache registry. This guarantees that $O(1)$ WebSockets or isolated queries can natively target any arbitrary sub-object of a massive database topology directly without recursively re-parsing its parent's AST block every read.
 
 ---
 
-## 2. Validator
+## 4. Validator
 
 The Validator provides strict, schema-driven evaluation for the "Punc" architecture.
 
@@ -53,35 +174,13 @@ The Validator provides strict, schema-driven evaluation for the "Punc" architect
 JSPG implements specific extensions to the Draft 2020-12 standard to support the Punc architecture's object-oriented needs while heavily optimizing for zero-runtime lookups.
 
 *   **Caching Strategy**: The Validator caches the pre-compiled `Database` registry in memory upon initialization (`jspg_setup`). This registry holds the comprehensive graph of schema boundaries, Types, ENUMs, and Foreign Key relationships, acting as the Single Source of Truth for all validation operations without polling Postgres.
-
-#### A. Polymorphism & Referencing (`$ref`, `$family`, and Native Types)
-*   **Native Type Discrimination (`variations`)**: Schemas defined inside a Postgres `type` are Entities. The validator securely and implicitly manages their `"type"` property. If an entity inherits from `user`, incoming JSON can safely define `{"type": "person"}` without errors, thanks to `compiled_variations` inheritance.
-*   **Structural Inheritance & Viral Infection (`$ref`)**: `$ref` is used exclusively for structural inheritance and explicit composition, *never* for union creation. A `$ref` ALWAYS targets a specific, *single* schema struct (e.g., `full.person`). It represents an explicit, known structural shape. A Punc request schema that `$ref`s an Entity virally inherits all physical database polymorphism rules for that target.
-*   **Shape Polymorphism (`$family`)**: Unlike `$ref`, `$family` ALWAYS targets an abstract *table lineage* (e.g., `organization` or `widget`). It instructs the engine to dynamically expand the response payload into multiple possible schema shapes based on the row's physical database `type`. If `{"$family": "widget"}` is used, the Validator dynamically identifies *every* schema in the registry that `$ref`s `widget` (e.g., `stock.widget`, `task.widget`) and recursively evaluates the JSON against all of them.
-*   **Strict Matches & Depth Heuristic**: Polymorphic structures MUST match exactly **one** schema permutation. If multiple inherited struct permutations pass, JSPG applies the **Depth Heuristic Tie-Breaker**, selecting the candidate deepest in the inheritance tree. 
-
-#### B. Dot-Notation Schema Resolution & Database Mapping
-*   **The Dot Convention**: When a schema represents a specific variation or shape of an underlying physical database `Type` (e.g., a "summary" of a "person"), its `$id` must adhere to a dot-notation suffix convention (e.g., `summary.person` or `full.person`). 
-*   **Entity Resolution**: The framework (Validator, Queryer, Merger) dynamically determines the backing PostgreSQL table structure by splitting the schema's `$id` (or `$ref`) by `.` and extracting the **last segment** (`next_back()`). If the last segment matches a known Database Type (like `person`), the framework natively applies that table's inheritance rules, variations, and physical foreign keys to the schema graph, regardless of the prefix.
-
-#### C. Strict by Default & Extensibility
-*   **Strictness**: By default, any property not explicitly defined in the schema causes a validation error (effectively enforcing `additionalProperties: false` globally). 
-*   **Extensibility (`extensible: true`)**: To allow a free-for-all of undefined properties, schemas must explicitly declare `"extensible": true`. 
-*   **Structured Additional Properties**: If `additionalProperties: {...}` is defined as a schema, arbitrary keys are allowed so long as their values match the defined type constraint.
-*   **Inheritance Boundaries**: Strictness resets when crossing `$ref` boundaries. A schema extending a strict parent remains strict unless it explicitly overrides with `"extensible": true`.
-
-#### D. Implicit Keyword Shadowing
-*   **Inheritance (`$ref` + properties)**: Unlike standard JSON Schema, when a schema uses `$ref` alongside local properties, JSPG implements **Smart Merge**. Local constraints natively take precedence over (shadow) inherited constraints for the same keyword. 
-    *   *Example*: If `entity` has `type: {const: "entity"}`, but `person` defines `type: {const: "person"}`, the local `person` const cleanly overrides the inherited one.
-*   **Composition (`allOf`)**: When evaluating `allOf`, standard intersection rules apply seamlessly. No shadowing occurs, meaning all constraints from all branches must pass.
-
-#### E. Format Leniency for Empty Strings
-To simplify frontend form validation, format validators specifically for `uuid`, `date-time`, and `email` explicitly allow empty strings (`""`), treating them as "present but unset".
+*   **Discriminator Fast Paths & Extraction**: When executing a polymorphic node (`oneOf` or `$family`), the engine statically analyzes the incoming JSON payload for the literal `type` and `kind` string coordinates. It routes the evaluation specifically to matching candidates in $O(1)$ while returning `MISSING_TYPE` ultimata directly.
+*   **Missing Type Ultimatum**: If an entity logically requires a discriminator and the JSON payload omits it, JSPG short-circuits branch execution entirely, bubbling a single, perfectly-pathed `MISSING_TYPE` error back to the UI natively to prevent confusing cascading failures.
+*   **Golden Match Context**: When exactly one structural candidate perfectly maps a discriminator, the Validator exclusively cascades that specific structural error context directly to the user, stripping away all noise generated by other parallel schemas.
 
 ---
 
-
-## 3. Merger
+## 5. Merger
 
 The Merger provides an automated, high-performance graph synchronization engine. It orchestrates the complex mapping of nested JSON objects into normalized Postgres relational tables, honoring all inheritance and graph constraints.
 
@@ -106,7 +205,7 @@ The Merger provides an automated, high-performance graph synchronization engine.
 
 ---
 
-## 4. Queryer
+## 6. Queryer
 
 The Queryer transforms Postgres into a pre-compiled Semantic Query Engine, designed to serve the exact shape of Punc responses directly via SQL.
 
@@ -116,7 +215,8 @@ The Queryer transforms Postgres into a pre-compiled Semantic Query Engine, desig
 ### Core Features
 
 *   **Caching Strategy (DashMap SQL Caching)**: The Queryer securely caches its compiled, static SQL string templates per schema permutation inside the `GLOBAL_JSPG` concurrent `DashMap`. This eliminates recursive AST schema crawling on consecutive requests. Furthermore, it evaluates the strings via Postgres SPI (Server Programming Interface) Prepared Statements, leveraging native database caching of execution plans for extreme performance.
-*   **Schema-to-SQL Compilation**: Compiles JSON Schema ASTs spanning deep arrays directly into static, pre-planned SQL multi-JOIN queries. This explicitly features the `Smart Merge` evaluation engine which natively translates properties through `allOf` and `$ref` inheritances, mapping JSON fields specifically to their physical database table aliases during translation.
+*   **Schema-to-SQL Compilation**: Compiles JSON Schema ASTs spanning deep arrays directly into static, pre-planned SQL multi-JOIN queries. This explicitly features the `Smart Merge` evaluation engine which natively translates properties through `type` inheritances, mapping JSON fields specifically to their physical database table aliases during translation.
+*   **Root Null-Stripping Optimization**: Unlike traditional nested document builders, the Queryer intelligently defers Postgres' natively recursive `jsonb_strip_nulls` execution to the absolute apex of the compiled query pipeline. The compiler organically layers millions of rapid `jsonb_build_object()` sub-query allocations instantly, wrapping them in a singular overarching pass. This strips all empty optionals uniformly before exiting the database, maximizing CPU throughput.
 *   **Dynamic Filtering**: Binds parameters natively through `cue.filters` objects. The queryer enforces a strict, structured, MongoDB-style operator syntax to map incoming JSON request constraints directly to their originating structural table columns. Filters support both flat path notation (e.g., `"contacts/is_primary": {...}`) and deeply nested recursive JSON structures (e.g., `{"contacts": {"is_primary": {...}}}`). The queryer recursively traverses and flattens these structures at AST compilation time.
     *   **Equality / Inequality**: `{"$eq": value}`, `{"$ne": value}` automatically map to `=` and `!=`.
     *   **Comparison**: `{"$gt": ...}`, `{"$gte": ...}`, `{"$lt": ...}`, `{"$lte": ...}` directly compile to Postgres comparison operators (`> `, `>=`, `<`, `<=`).
@@ -128,13 +228,9 @@ The Queryer transforms Postgres into a pre-compiled Semantic Query Engine, desig
     *   **Multi-Table Branching**: If the Physical Table is a parent to other tables (e.g. `organization` has variations `["organization", "bot", "person"]`), the compiler generates a dynamic `CASE WHEN type = '...' THEN ...` query, expanding into `JOIN`s for each variation.
     *   **Single-Table Bypass**: If the Physical Table is a leaf node with only one variation (e.g. `person` has variations `["person"]`), the compiler cleanly bypasses `CASE` generation and compiles a simple `SELECT` across the base table, as all schema extensions (e.g. `light.person`, `full.person`) are guaranteed to reside in the exact same physical row.
 
-### Ad-Hoc Schema Promotion
+---
 
-To seamlessly support deeply nested, inline Object definitions that don't declare an explicit `$id`, JSPG aggressively promotes them to standalone topological entities during the database compilation phase. 
-*   **Hash Generation:** While evaluating the unified graph, if the compiler enters an `Object` or `Array` structure completely lacking an `$id`, it dynamically calculates a localized hash alias representing exactly its structural constraints.
-*   **Promotion:** This inline chunk is mathematically elevated to its own `$id` in the `db.schemas` cache registry. This guarantees that $O(1)$ WebSockets or isolated queries can natively target any arbitrary sub-object of a massive database topology directly without recursively re-parsing its parent's AST block every read.
-
-## 5. Testing & Execution Architecture
+## 7. Testing & Execution Architecture
 
 JSPG implements a strict separation of concerns to bypass the need to boot a full PostgreSQL cluster for unit and integration testing. Because `pgrx::spi::Spi` directly links to PostgreSQL C-headers, building the library with `cargo test` on macOS natively normally results in fatal `dyld` crashes.
 

fixtures/allOf.json

@@ -1,677 +0,0 @@
-[
-  {
-    "description": "allOf",
-    "database": {
-      "schemas": [
-        {
-          "allOf": [
-            {
-              "properties": {
-                "bar": {
-                  "type": "integer"
-                }
-              },
-              "required": [
-                "bar"
-              ]
-            },
-            {
-              "properties": {
-                "foo": {
-                  "type": "string"
-                }
-              },
-              "required": [
-                "foo"
-              ]
-            }
-          ],
-          "$id": "allOf_0_0"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "allOf",
-        "data": {
-          "foo": "baz",
-          "bar": 2
-        },
-        "schema_id": "allOf_0_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "mismatch second",
-        "data": {
-          "foo": "baz"
-        },
-        "schema_id": "allOf_0_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "mismatch first",
-        "data": {
-          "bar": 2
-        },
-        "schema_id": "allOf_0_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "wrong type",
-        "data": {
-          "foo": "baz",
-          "bar": "quux"
-        },
-        "schema_id": "allOf_0_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  {
-    "description": "allOf with base schema",
-    "database": {
-      "schemas": [
-        {
-          "properties": {
-            "bar": {
-              "type": "integer"
-            },
-            "baz": {},
-            "foo": {
-              "type": "string"
-            }
-          },
-          "required": [
-            "bar"
-          ],
-          "allOf": [
-            {
-              "properties": {
-                "foo": {
-                  "type": "string"
-                }
-              },
-              "required": [
-                "foo"
-              ]
-            },
-            {
-              "properties": {
-                "baz": {
-                  "type": "null"
-                }
-              },
-              "required": [
-                "baz"
-              ]
-            }
-          ],
-          "$id": "allOf_1_0"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "valid",
-        "data": {
-          "foo": "quux",
-          "bar": 2,
-          "baz": null
-        },
-        "schema_id": "allOf_1_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "mismatch base schema",
-        "data": {
-          "foo": "quux",
-          "baz": null
-        },
-        "schema_id": "allOf_1_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "mismatch first allOf",
-        "data": {
-          "bar": 2,
-          "baz": null
-        },
-        "schema_id": "allOf_1_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "mismatch second allOf",
-        "data": {
-          "foo": "quux",
-          "bar": 2
-        },
-        "schema_id": "allOf_1_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "mismatch both",
-        "data": {
-          "bar": 2
-        },
-        "schema_id": "allOf_1_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  {
-    "description": "allOf simple types",
-    "database": {
-      "schemas": [
-        {
-          "allOf": [
-            {
-              "maximum": 30
-            },
-            {
-              "minimum": 20
-            }
-          ],
-          "$id": "allOf_2_0"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "valid",
-        "data": 25,
-        "schema_id": "allOf_2_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "mismatch one",
-        "data": 35,
-        "schema_id": "allOf_2_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  {
-    "description": "allOf with boolean schemas, all true",
-    "database": {
-      "schemas": [
-        {
-          "allOf": [
-            true,
-            true
-          ],
-          "$id": "allOf_3_0"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "any value is valid",
-        "data": "foo",
-        "schema_id": "allOf_3_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  {
-    "description": "allOf with boolean schemas, some false",
-    "database": {
-      "schemas": [
-        {
-          "allOf": [
-            true,
-            false
-          ],
-          "$id": "allOf_4_0"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "any value is invalid",
-        "data": "foo",
-        "schema_id": "allOf_4_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  {
-    "description": "allOf with boolean schemas, all false",
-    "database": {
-      "schemas": [
-        {
-          "allOf": [
-            false,
-            false
-          ],
-          "$id": "allOf_5_0"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "any value is invalid",
-        "data": "foo",
-        "schema_id": "allOf_5_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  {
-    "description": "allOf with one empty schema",
-    "database": {
-      "schemas": [
-        {
-          "allOf": [
-            {}
-          ],
-          "$id": "allOf_6_0"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "any data is valid",
-        "data": 1,
-        "schema_id": "allOf_6_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  {
-    "description": "allOf with two empty schemas",
-    "database": {
-      "schemas": [
-        {
-          "allOf": [
-            {},
-            {}
-          ],
-          "$id": "allOf_7_0"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "any data is valid",
-        "data": 1,
-        "schema_id": "allOf_7_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  {
-    "description": "allOf with the first empty schema",
-    "database": {
-      "schemas": [
-        {
-          "allOf": [
-            {},
-            {
-              "type": "number"
-            }
-          ],
-          "$id": "allOf_8_0"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "number is valid",
-        "data": 1,
-        "schema_id": "allOf_8_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "string is invalid",
-        "data": "foo",
-        "schema_id": "allOf_8_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  {
-    "description": "allOf with the last empty schema",
-    "database": {
-      "schemas": [
-        {
-          "allOf": [
-            {
-              "type": "number"
-            },
-            {}
-          ],
-          "$id": "allOf_9_0"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "number is valid",
-        "data": 1,
-        "schema_id": "allOf_9_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "string is invalid",
-        "data": "foo",
-        "schema_id": "allOf_9_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  {
-    "description": "nested allOf, to check validation semantics",
-    "database": {
-      "schemas": [
-        {
-          "allOf": [
-            {
-              "allOf": [
-                {
-                  "type": "null"
-                }
-              ]
-            }
-          ],
-          "$id": "allOf_10_0"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "null is valid",
-        "data": null,
-        "schema_id": "allOf_10_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "anything non-null is invalid",
-        "data": 123,
-        "schema_id": "allOf_10_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  {
-    "description": "extensible: true allows extra properties in allOf",
-    "database": {
-      "schemas": [
-        {
-          "allOf": [
-            {
-              "properties": {
-                "bar": {
-                  "type": "integer"
-                }
-              },
-              "required": [
-                "bar"
-              ]
-            },
-            {
-              "properties": {
-                "foo": {
-                  "type": "string"
-                }
-              },
-              "required": [
-                "foo"
-              ]
-            }
-          ],
-          "extensible": true,
-          "$id": "allOf_12_0"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "extra property is valid",
-        "data": {
-          "foo": "baz",
-          "bar": 2,
-          "qux": 3
-        },
-        "schema_id": "allOf_12_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  {
-    "description": "strict by default with allOf properties",
-    "database": {
-      "schemas": [
-        {
-          "allOf": [
-            {
-              "properties": {
-                "foo": {
-                  "const": 1
-                }
-              }
-            },
-            {
-              "properties": {
-                "bar": {
-                  "const": 2
-                }
-              }
-            }
-          ],
-          "$id": "allOf_13_0"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "validates merged properties",
-        "data": {
-          "foo": 1,
-          "bar": 2
-        },
-        "schema_id": "allOf_13_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "fails on extra property z explicitly",
-        "data": {
-          "foo": 1,
-          "bar": 2,
-          "z": 3
-        },
-        "schema_id": "allOf_13_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  {
-    "description": "allOf with nested extensible: true (partial looseness)",
-    "database": {
-      "schemas": [
-        {
-          "allOf": [
-            {
-              "properties": {
-                "foo": {
-                  "const": 1
-                }
-              }
-            },
-            {
-              "extensible": true,
-              "properties": {
-                "bar": {
-                  "const": 2
-                }
-              }
-            }
-          ],
-          "$id": "allOf_14_0"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "extensible subschema doesn't make root extensible if root is strict",
-        "data": {
-          "foo": 1,
-          "bar": 2,
-          "z": 3
-        },
-        "schema_id": "allOf_14_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  {
-    "description": "strictness: allOf composition with strict refs",
-    "database": {
-      "schemas": [
-        {
-          "allOf": [
-            {
-              "$ref": "partA"
-            },
-            {
-              "$ref": "partB"
-            }
-          ],
-          "$id": "allOf_15_0"
-        },
-        {
-          "$id": "partA",
-          "properties": {
-            "id": {
-              "type": "string"
-            }
-          }
-        },
-        {
-          "$id": "partB",
-          "properties": {
-            "name": {
-              "type": "string"
-            }
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "merged instance is valid",
-        "data": {
-          "id": "1",
-          "name": "Me"
-        },
-        "schema_id": "allOf_15_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "extra property is invalid (root is strict)",
-        "data": {
-          "id": "1",
-          "name": "Me",
-          "extra": 1
-        },
-        "schema_id": "allOf_15_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "partA mismatch is invalid",
-        "data": {
-          "id": 1,
-          "name": "Me"
-        },
-        "schema_id": "allOf_15_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  }
-]

fixtures/cases.json

@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+[
+  {
+    "description": "Multi-Paradigm Declarative Cases",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "$id": "parallel_rules",
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "status": { "type": "string" },
+            "kind": { "type": "string" }
+          },
+          "cases": [
+            {
+              "when": { "properties": { "status": {"const": "unverified"} }, "required": ["status"] },
+              "then": { 
+                "properties": {
+                  "amount_1": {"type": "number"},
+                  "amount_2": {"type": "number"}
+                },
+                "required": ["amount_1", "amount_2"] 
+              }
+            },
+            {
+              "when": { "properties": { "kind": {"const": "credit"} }, "required": ["kind"] },
+              "then": { 
+                "properties": {
+                  "cvv": {"type": "number"}
+                },
+                "required": ["cvv"] 
+              }
+            }
+          ]
+        },
+        {
+          "$id": "mutually_exclusive",
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "type": { "type": "string" }
+          },
+          "cases": [
+            {
+              "when": { "properties": { "type": {"const": "A"} }, "required": ["type"] },
+              "then": { 
+                "properties": { "field_a": {"type": "number"} },
+                "required": ["field_a"] 
+              }
+            },
+            {
+              "when": { "properties": { "type": {"const": "B"} }, "required": ["type"] },
+              "then": { 
+                "properties": { "field_b": {"type": "number"} },
+                "required": ["field_b"] 
+              },
+              "else": { 
+                "properties": { "fallback_b": {"type": "number"} },
+                "required": ["fallback_b"] 
+              }
+            }
+          ]
+        },
+        {
+          "$id": "nested_fallbacks",
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "tier": { "type": "string" }
+          },
+          "cases": [
+            {
+              "when": { "properties": { "tier": {"const": "1"} }, "required": ["tier"] },
+              "then": { 
+                "properties": { "basic": {"type": "number"} },
+                "required": ["basic"] 
+              },
+              "else": {
+                "cases": [
+                  {
+                    "when": { "properties": { "tier": {"const": "2"} }, "required": ["tier"] },
+                    "then": { 
+                      "properties": { "standard": {"type": "number"} },
+                      "required": ["standard"] 
+                    },
+                    "else": { 
+                      "properties": { "premium": {"type": "number"} },
+                      "required": ["premium"] 
+                    }
+                  }
+                ]
+              }
+            }
+          ]
+        },
+        {
+          "$id": "missing_when",
+          "type": "object",
+          "cases": [
+            {
+              "else": { 
+                "properties": { "unconditional": {"type": "number"} },
+                "required": ["unconditional"] 
+              }
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "Fires only the first rule successfully",
+        "data": { "status": "unverified", "amount_1": 1, "amount_2": 2 },
+        "schema_id": "parallel_rules",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": { "success": true }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "Fires both independent parallel rules flawlessly",
+        "data": { "status": "unverified", "kind": "credit", "amount_1": 1, "amount_2": 2, "cvv": 123 },
+        "schema_id": "parallel_rules",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": { "success": true }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "Catches errors triggered concurrently by multiple independent blocked rules",
+        "data": { "status": "unverified", "kind": "credit" },
+        "schema_id": "parallel_rules",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false,
+          "errors": [
+            { "code": "REQUIRED_FIELD_MISSING", "details": { "path": "amount_1" } },
+            { "code": "REQUIRED_FIELD_MISSING", "details": { "path": "amount_2" } },
+            { "code": "REQUIRED_FIELD_MISSING", "details": { "path": "cvv" } }
+          ]
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "STRICT_PROPERTY_VIOLATION throws if an un-triggered then property is submitted",
+        "data": { "status": "verified", "cvv": 123 },
+        "schema_id": "parallel_rules",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false,
+          "errors": [
+            { "code": "STRICT_PROPERTY_VIOLATION", "details": { "path": "cvv" } }
+          ]
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "Successfully routes mutually exclusive properties seamlessly",
+        "data": { "type": "A", "field_a": 1, "fallback_b": 2 },
+        "schema_id": "mutually_exclusive",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": { "success": true }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "Nested fallbacks execute seamlessly",
+        "data": { "tier": "3", "premium": 1 },
+        "schema_id": "nested_fallbacks",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": { "success": true }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "A case without a when executes its else indiscriminately",
+        "data": { "unconditional": 1 },
+        "schema_id": "missing_when",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": { "success": true }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "A case without a when throws if else unconditionally requires field",
+        "data": { },
+        "schema_id": "missing_when",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false,
+          "errors": [
+            { "code": "REQUIRED_FIELD_MISSING", "details": { "path": "unconditional" } }
+          ]
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+]

fixtures/database.json

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
                 "missing_users": {
                   "type": "array",
                   "items": {
-                    "$ref": "full.user"
+                    "type": "full.user"
                   }
                 }
               }
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@
                 "children": {
                   "type": "array",
                   "items": {
-                    "$ref": "full.child"
+                    "type": "full.child"
                   }
                 }
               }
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@
                 "activities": {
                   "type": "array",
                   "items": {
-                    "$ref": "full.activity"
+                    "type": "full.activity"
                   }
                 }
               }
@@ -240,7 +240,18 @@
           "success": false,
           "errors": [
             {
-              "code": "AMBIGUOUS_TYPE_RELATIONS"
+              "code": "AMBIGUOUS_TYPE_RELATIONS",
+              "details": {
+                "cause": "Multiple conflicting constraints found matching prefixes",
+                "context": [
+                  {
+                    "constraint": "fk_activity_invoice_1"
+                  },
+                  {
+                    "constraint": "fk_activity_invoice_2"
+                  }
+                ]
+              }
             }
           ]
         }
@@ -271,7 +282,7 @@
                 "ambiguous_edge": {
                   "type": "array",
                   "items": {
-                    "$ref": "empty.junction"
+                    "type": "empty.junction"
                   }
                 }
               }
@@ -338,7 +349,18 @@
           "success": false,
           "errors": [
             {
-              "code": "AMBIGUOUS_TYPE_RELATIONS"
+              "code": "AMBIGUOUS_TYPE_RELATIONS",
+              "details": {
+                "cause": "Multiple conflicting constraints found matching prefixes",
+                "context": [
+                  {
+                    "constraint": "fk_junction_source_actor"
+                  },
+                  {
+                    "constraint": "fk_junction_target_actor"
+                  }
+                ]
+              }
             }
           ]
         }

fixtures/families.json

@@ -1,217 +0,0 @@
-[
-  {
-    "description": "Entity families via pure $ref graph",
-    "database": {
-      "types": [
-        {
-          "name": "entity",
-          "variations": [
-            "entity",
-            "organization",
-            "person"
-          ],
-          "schemas": [
-            {
-              "$id": "entity",
-              "type": "object",
-              "properties": {
-                "id": {
-                  "type": "string"
-                },
-                "type": {
-                  "type": "string"
-                }
-              }
-            },
-            {
-              "$id": "light.entity",
-              "$ref": "entity"
-            }
-          ]
-        },
-        {
-          "name": "organization",
-          "variations": [
-            "organization",
-            "person"
-          ],
-          "schemas": [
-            {
-              "$id": "organization",
-              "$ref": "entity",
-              "properties": {
-                "name": {
-                  "type": "string"
-                }
-              }
-            }
-          ]
-        },
-        {
-          "name": "person",
-          "variations": [
-            "person"
-          ],
-          "schemas": [
-            {
-              "$id": "person",
-              "$ref": "organization",
-              "properties": {
-                "first_name": {
-                  "type": "string"
-                }
-              }
-            },
-            {
-              "$id": "light.person",
-              "$ref": "light.entity"
-            }
-          ]
-        }
-      ],
-      "puncs": [
-        {
-          "name": "get_entities",
-          "schemas": [
-            {
-              "$id": "get_entities.response",
-              "$family": "entity"
-            }
-          ]
-        },
-        {
-          "name": "get_light_entities",
-          "schemas": [
-            {
-              "$id": "get_light_entities.response",
-              "$family": "light.entity"
-            }
-          ]
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "Family matches base entity",
-        "schema_id": "get_entities.response",
-        "data": {
-          "id": "1",
-          "type": "entity"
-        },
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "Family matches descendant person",
-        "schema_id": "get_entities.response",
-        "data": {
-          "id": "2",
-          "type": "person",
-          "name": "ACME",
-          "first_name": "John"
-        },
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "Graph family matches light.entity",
-        "schema_id": "get_light_entities.response",
-        "data": {
-          "id": "3",
-          "type": "entity"
-        },
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "Graph family matches light.person (because it $refs light.entity)",
-        "schema_id": "get_light_entities.response",
-        "data": {
-          "id": "4",
-          "type": "person"
-        },
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "Graph family excludes organization (missing light. schema that $refs light.entity)",
-        "schema_id": "get_light_entities.response",
-        "data": {
-          "id": "5",
-          "type": "organization",
-          "name": "ACME"
-        },
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false,
-          "errors": [
-            {
-              "code": "NO_FAMILY_MATCH",
-              "details": { "path": "" }
-            }
-          ]
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  {
-    "description": "Ad-hoc non-entity families (using normal json-schema object structures)",
-    "database": {
-      "puncs": [
-        {
-          "name": "get_widgets",
-          "schemas": [
-            {
-              "$id": "widget",
-              "type": "object",
-              "properties": {
-                "id": {
-                  "type": "string"
-                },
-                "widget_type": {
-                  "type": "string"
-                }
-              }
-            },
-            {
-              "$id": "special_widget",
-              "$ref": "widget",
-              "properties": {
-                "special_feature": {
-                  "type": "string"
-                }
-              }
-            },
-            {
-              "$id": "get_widgets.response",
-              "$family": "widget"
-            }
-          ]
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "Ad-hoc family matches strictly by shape (no magic variations for base schemas)",
-        "schema_id": "get_widgets.response",
-        "data": {
-          "id": "1",
-          "widget_type": "special",
-          "special_feature": "yes"
-        },
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  }
-]

fixtures/if-then-else.json

@@ -1,594 +0,0 @@
-[
-  {
-    "description": "ignore if without then or else",
-    "database": {
-      "schemas": [
-        {
-          "if": {
-            "const": 0
-          },
-          "$id": "if-then-else_0_0"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "valid when valid against lone if",
-        "data": 0,
-        "schema_id": "if-then-else_0_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "valid when invalid against lone if",
-        "data": "hello",
-        "schema_id": "if-then-else_0_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  {
-    "description": "ignore then without if",
-    "database": {
-      "schemas": [
-        {
-          "then": {
-            "const": 0
-          },
-          "$id": "if-then-else_1_0"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "valid when valid against lone then",
-        "data": 0,
-        "schema_id": "if-then-else_1_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "valid when invalid against lone then",
-        "data": "hello",
-        "schema_id": "if-then-else_1_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  {
-    "description": "ignore else without if",
-    "database": {
-      "schemas": [
-        {
-          "else": {
-            "const": 0
-          },
-          "$id": "if-then-else_2_0"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "valid when valid against lone else",
-        "data": 0,
-        "schema_id": "if-then-else_2_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "valid when invalid against lone else",
-        "data": "hello",
-        "schema_id": "if-then-else_2_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  {
-    "description": "if and then without else",
-    "database": {
-      "schemas": [
-        {
-          "if": {
-            "exclusiveMaximum": 0
-          },
-          "then": {
-            "minimum": -10
-          },
-          "$id": "if-then-else_3_0"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "valid through then",
-        "data": -1,
-        "schema_id": "if-then-else_3_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "invalid through then",
-        "data": -100,
-        "schema_id": "if-then-else_3_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "valid when if test fails",
-        "data": 3,
-        "schema_id": "if-then-else_3_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  {
-    "description": "if and else without then",
-    "database": {
-      "schemas": [
-        {
-          "if": {
-            "exclusiveMaximum": 0
-          },
-          "else": {
-            "multipleOf": 2
-          },
-          "$id": "if-then-else_4_0"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "valid when if test passes",
-        "data": -1,
-        "schema_id": "if-then-else_4_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "valid through else",
-        "data": 4,
-        "schema_id": "if-then-else_4_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "invalid through else",
-        "data": 3,
-        "schema_id": "if-then-else_4_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  {
-    "description": "validate against correct branch, then vs else",
-    "database": {
-      "schemas": [
-        {
-          "if": {
-            "exclusiveMaximum": 0
-          },
-          "then": {
-            "minimum": -10
-          },
-          "else": {
-            "multipleOf": 2
-          },
-          "$id": "if-then-else_5_0"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "valid through then",
-        "data": -1,
-        "schema_id": "if-then-else_5_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "invalid through then",
-        "data": -100,
-        "schema_id": "if-then-else_5_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "valid through else",
-        "data": 4,
-        "schema_id": "if-then-else_5_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "invalid through else",
-        "data": 3,
-        "schema_id": "if-then-else_5_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  {
-    "description": "non-interference across combined schemas",
-    "database": {
-      "schemas": [
-        {
-          "allOf": [
-            {
-              "if": {
-                "exclusiveMaximum": 0
-              }
-            },
-            {
-              "then": {
-                "minimum": -10
-              }
-            },
-            {
-              "else": {
-                "multipleOf": 2
-              }
-            }
-          ],
-          "$id": "if-then-else_6_0"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "valid, but would have been invalid through then",
-        "data": -100,
-        "schema_id": "if-then-else_6_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "valid, but would have been invalid through else",
-        "data": 3,
-        "schema_id": "if-then-else_6_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  {
-    "description": "if with boolean schema true",
-    "database": {
-      "schemas": [
-        {
-          "if": true,
-          "then": {
-            "const": "then"
-          },
-          "else": {
-            "const": "else"
-          },
-          "$id": "if-then-else_7_0"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "boolean schema true in if always chooses the then path (valid)",
-        "data": "then",
-        "schema_id": "if-then-else_7_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "boolean schema true in if always chooses the then path (invalid)",
-        "data": "else",
-        "schema_id": "if-then-else_7_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  {
-    "description": "if with boolean schema false",
-    "database": {
-      "schemas": [
-        {
-          "if": false,
-          "then": {
-            "const": "then"
-          },
-          "else": {
-            "const": "else"
-          },
-          "$id": "if-then-else_8_0"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "boolean schema false in if always chooses the else path (invalid)",
-        "data": "then",
-        "schema_id": "if-then-else_8_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "boolean schema false in if always chooses the else path (valid)",
-        "data": "else",
-        "schema_id": "if-then-else_8_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  {
-    "description": "if appears at the end when serialized (keyword processing sequence)",
-    "database": {
-      "schemas": [
-        {
-          "then": {
-            "const": "yes"
-          },
-          "else": {
-            "const": "other"
-          },
-          "if": {
-            "maxLength": 4
-          },
-          "$id": "if-then-else_9_0"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "yes redirects to then and passes",
-        "data": "yes",
-        "schema_id": "if-then-else_9_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "other redirects to else and passes",
-        "data": "other",
-        "schema_id": "if-then-else_9_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "no redirects to then and fails",
-        "data": "no",
-        "schema_id": "if-then-else_9_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "invalid redirects to else and fails",
-        "data": "invalid",
-        "schema_id": "if-then-else_9_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  {
-    "description": "then: false fails when condition matches",
-    "database": {
-      "schemas": [
-        {
-          "if": {
-            "const": 1
-          },
-          "then": false,
-          "$id": "if-then-else_10_0"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "matches if → then=false → invalid",
-        "data": 1,
-        "schema_id": "if-then-else_10_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "does not match if → then ignored → valid",
-        "data": 2,
-        "schema_id": "if-then-else_10_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  {
-    "description": "else: false fails when condition does not match",
-    "database": {
-      "schemas": [
-        {
-          "if": {
-            "const": 1
-          },
-          "else": false,
-          "$id": "if-then-else_11_0"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "matches if → else ignored → valid",
-        "data": 1,
-        "schema_id": "if-then-else_11_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "does not match if → else executes → invalid",
-        "data": 2,
-        "schema_id": "if-then-else_11_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  {
-    "description": "extensible: true allows extra properties in if-then-else",
-    "database": {
-      "schemas": [
-        {
-          "if": {
-            "properties": {
-              "foo": {
-                "const": 1
-              }
-            },
-            "required": [
-              "foo"
-            ]
-          },
-          "then": {
-            "properties": {
-              "bar": {
-                "const": 2
-              }
-            },
-            "required": [
-              "bar"
-            ]
-          },
-          "extensible": true,
-          "$id": "if-then-else_12_0"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "extra property is valid (matches if and then)",
-        "data": {
-          "foo": 1,
-          "bar": 2,
-          "extra": "prop"
-        },
-        "schema_id": "if-then-else_12_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  {
-    "description": "strict by default with if-then properties",
-    "database": {
-      "schemas": [
-        {
-          "if": {
-            "properties": {
-              "foo": {
-                "const": 1
-              }
-            },
-            "required": [
-              "foo"
-            ]
-          },
-          "then": {
-            "properties": {
-              "bar": {
-                "const": 2
-              }
-            }
-          },
-          "$id": "if-then-else_13_0"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "valid match (foo + bar)",
-        "data": {
-          "foo": 1,
-          "bar": 2
-        },
-        "schema_id": "if-then-else_13_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "fails on extra property z explicitly",
-        "data": {
-          "foo": 1,
-          "bar": 2,
-          "z": 3
-        },
-        "schema_id": "if-then-else_13_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  }
-]

fixtures/invoice.json

@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+[
+  {
+    "description": "Invoice Attachment Reproducer",
+    "database": {
+      "puncs": [
+        {
+          "name": "get_invoice",
+          "schemas": [
+            {
+              "$id": "get_invoice.response",
+              "oneOf": [
+                { "type": "invoice" },
+                { "type": "null" }
+              ]
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      ],
+      "enums": [],
+      "relations": [
+        {
+          "id": "10000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000001",
+          "type": "relation",
+          "constraint": "fk_attachment_attachable_entity",
+          "source_type": "attachment",
+          "source_columns": ["attachable_id", "attachable_type"],
+          "destination_type": "entity",
+          "destination_columns": ["id", "type"],
+          "prefix": null
+        }
+      ],
+      "types": [
+        {
+          "name": "entity",
+          "schemas": [
+            {
+              "$id": "entity",
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "id": { "type": "string", "format": "uuid" },
+                "type": { "type": "string" },
+                "archived": { "type": "boolean" },
+                "created_at": { "type": "string", "format": "date-time" }
+              }
+            }
+          ],
+          "hierarchy": ["entity"],
+          "variations": ["entity", "activity", "invoice", "attachment"],
+          "fields": ["id", "type", "archived", "created_at"],
+          "grouped_fields": {
+            "entity": ["id", "type", "archived", "created_at"]
+          },
+          "field_types": {
+            "id": "uuid",
+            "type": "text",
+            "archived": "boolean",
+            "created_at": "timestamptz"
+          },
+          "lookup_fields": [],
+          "historical": false,
+          "notify": false,
+          "relationship": false
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "activity",
+          "schemas": [
+            {
+              "$id": "activity",
+              "type": "entity",
+              "properties": {
+                "start_date": { "type": "string", "format": "date-time" }
+              }
+            }
+          ],
+          "hierarchy": ["activity", "entity"],
+          "variations": ["activity", "invoice"],
+          "fields": ["id", "type", "archived", "created_at", "start_date"],
+          "grouped_fields": {
+            "entity": ["id", "type", "archived", "created_at"],
+            "activity": ["start_date"]
+          },
+          "field_types": {
+            "id": "uuid",
+            "type": "text",
+            "archived": "boolean",
+            "created_at": "timestamptz",
+            "start_date": "timestamptz"
+          },
+          "lookup_fields": [],
+          "historical": false,
+          "notify": false,
+          "relationship": false
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "invoice",
+          "schemas": [
+            {
+              "$id": "invoice",
+              "type": "activity",
+              "properties": {
+                "status": { "type": "string" },
+                "attachments": {
+                  "type": "array",
+                  "items": { "type": "attachment" }
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          ],
+          "hierarchy": ["invoice", "activity", "entity"],
+          "variations": ["invoice"],
+          "fields": ["id", "type", "archived", "created_at", "start_date", "status"],
+          "grouped_fields": {
+            "entity": ["id", "type", "archived", "created_at"],
+            "activity": ["start_date"],
+            "invoice": ["status"]
+          },
+          "field_types": {
+            "id": "uuid",
+            "type": "text",
+            "archived": "boolean",
+            "created_at": "timestamptz",
+            "start_date": "timestamptz",
+            "status": "text"
+          },
+          "lookup_fields": [],
+          "historical": false,
+          "notify": false,
+          "relationship": false
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "attachment",
+          "schemas": [
+            {
+              "$id": "attachment",
+              "type": "entity",
+              "properties": {
+                "name": { "type": "string" },
+                "attachable_id": { "type": "string", "format": "uuid" },
+                "attachable_type": { "type": "string" },
+                "kind": { "type": "string" },
+                "file": { "type": "string" },
+                "data": { "type": "object" }
+              }
+            }
+          ],
+          "hierarchy": ["attachment", "entity"],
+          "variations": ["attachment"],
+          "fields": ["id", "type", "archived", "created_at", "attachable_id", "attachable_type", "kind", "file", "data", "name"],
+          "grouped_fields": {
+            "entity": ["id", "type", "archived", "created_at"],
+            "attachment": ["attachable_id", "attachable_type", "kind", "file", "data", "name"]
+          },
+          "field_types": {
+            "id": "uuid",
+            "type": "text",
+            "archived": "boolean",
+            "created_at": "timestamptz",
+            "attachable_id": "uuid",
+            "attachable_type": "text",
+            "kind": "text",
+            "file": "text",
+            "data": "jsonb",
+            "name": "text"
+          },
+          "lookup_fields": [],
+          "historical": false,
+          "notify": false,
+          "relationship": false
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "Invoice with an empty array of attachments",
+        "schema_id": "get_invoice.response",
+        "data": {
+          "id": "11111111-1111-1111-1111-111111111111",
+          "type": "invoice",
+          "archived": false,
+          "created_at": "2023-01-01T00:00:00Z",
+          "status": "draft",
+          "attachments": []
+        },
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "Invoice with a valid attachment with null data",
+        "schema_id": "get_invoice.response",
+        "data": {
+          "id": "11111111-1111-1111-1111-111111111111",
+          "type": "invoice",
+          "archived": false,
+          "created_at": "2023-01-01T00:00:00Z",
+          "status": "draft",
+          "attachments": [
+            {
+              "id": "22222222-2222-2222-2222-222222222222",
+              "type": "attachment",
+              "archived": false,
+              "created_at": "2023-01-01T00:00:00Z",
+              "name": "receipt",
+              "attachable_id": "11111111-1111-1111-1111-111111111111",
+              "attachable_type": "invoice",
+              "kind": "document",
+              "file": "path/to/doc.pdf"
+            }
+          ]
+        },
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+]

fixtures/items.json

@@ -141,13 +141,13 @@
           "items": false,
           "prefixItems": [
             {
-              "$ref": "item"
+              "type": "item"
             },
             {
-              "$ref": "item"
+              "type": "item"
             },
             {
-              "$ref": "item"
+              "type": "item"
             }
           ],
           "$id": "items_3_0"
@@ -158,10 +158,10 @@
           "items": false,
           "prefixItems": [
             {
-              "$ref": "sub-item"
+              "type": "sub-item"
             },
             {
-              "$ref": "sub-item"
+              "type": "sub-item"
             }
           ]
         },

fixtures/merge.json

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
           }
         },
         {
-          "$ref": "base_0",
+          "type": "base_0",
           "properties": {
             "child_prop": {
               "type": "string"
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@
           ]
         },
         {
-          "$ref": "base_1",
+          "type": "base_1",
           "properties": {
             "b": {
               "type": "string"
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@
           }
         },
         {
-          "$ref": "base_2",
+          "type": "base_2",
           "properties": {
             "child_dep": {
               "type": "string"
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@
           ]
         },
         {
-          "$ref": "base_3",
+          "type": "base_3",
           "properties": {
             "c": {
               "type": "string"

fixtures/merger.json

@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@
                     "schemas": [
                         {
                             "$id": "organization",
-                            "$ref": "entity",
+                            "type": "entity",
                             "properties": {
                                 "name": {
                                     "type": "string"
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@
                     "schemas": [
                         {
                             "$id": "user",
-                            "$ref": "organization",
+                            "type": "organization",
                             "properties": {}
                         }
                     ],
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@
                     "schemas": [
                         {
                             "$id": "person",
-                            "$ref": "user",
+                            "type": "user",
                             "properties": {
                                 "first_name": {
                                     "type": "string"
@@ -282,15 +282,15 @@
                                 "contacts": {
                                     "type": "array",
                                     "items": {
-                                        "$ref": "contact",
+                                        "type": "contact",
                                         "properties": {
                                             "target": {
                                                 "oneOf": [
                                                     {
-                                                        "$ref": "phone_number"
+                                                        "type": "phone_number"
                                                     },
                                                     {
-                                                        "$ref": "email_address"
+                                                        "type": "email_address"
                                                     }
                                                 ]
                                             }
@@ -300,10 +300,10 @@
                                 "email_addresses": {
                                     "type": "array",
                                     "items": {
-                                        "$ref": "contact",
+                                        "type": "contact",
                                         "properties": {
                                             "target": {
-                                                "$ref": "email_address"
+                                                "type": "email_address"
                                             }
                                         }
                                     }
@@ -376,7 +376,7 @@
                     "schemas": [
                         {
                             "$id": "order",
-                            "$ref": "entity",
+                            "type": "entity",
                             "properties": {
                                 "total": {
                                     "type": "number"
@@ -385,12 +385,12 @@
                                     "type": "string"
                                 },
                                 "customer": {
-                                    "$ref": "person"
+                                    "type": "person"
                                 },
                                 "lines": {
                                     "type": "array",
                                     "items": {
-                                        "$ref": "order_line"
+                                        "type": "order_line"
                                     }
                                 }
                             }
@@ -440,7 +440,7 @@
                     "schemas": [
                         {
                             "$id": "order_line",
-                            "$ref": "entity",
+                            "type": "entity",
                             "properties": {
                                 "order_id": {
                                     "type": "string"
@@ -549,7 +549,7 @@
                     "schemas": [
                         {
                             "$id": "relationship",
-                            "$ref": "entity",
+                            "type": "entity",
                             "properties": {}
                         }
                     ],
@@ -619,7 +619,7 @@
                     "schemas": [
                         {
                             "$id": "contact",
-                            "$ref": "relationship",
+                            "type": "relationship",
                             "properties": {
                                 "is_primary": {
                                     "type": "boolean"
@@ -677,7 +677,7 @@
                     "schemas": [
                         {
                             "$id": "phone_number",
-                            "$ref": "entity",
+                            "type": "entity",
                             "properties": {
                                 "number": {
                                     "type": "string"
@@ -736,7 +736,7 @@
                     "schemas": [
                         {
                             "$id": "email_address",
-                            "$ref": "entity",
+                            "type": "entity",
                             "properties": {
                                 "address": {
                                     "type": "string"
@@ -772,7 +772,7 @@
                         },
                         {
                             "$id": "attachment",
-                            "$ref": "entity",
+                            "type": "entity",
                             "properties": {
                                 "flags": {
                                     "type": "array",
@@ -781,10 +781,10 @@
                                     }
                                 },
                                 "type_metadata": {
-                                    "$ref": "type_metadata"
+                                    "type": "type_metadata"
                                 },
                                 "other_metadata": {
-                                    "$ref": "other_metadata"
+                                    "type": "other_metadata"
                                 }
                             }
                         }

fixtures/objectTypes.json

@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+[
+  {
+    "description": "Strict Inheritance",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "$id": "parent_type",
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {"a": {"type": "integer"}},
+          "required": ["a"]
+        },
+        {
+          "$id": "child_type",
+          "type": "parent_type",
+          "properties": {"b": {"type": "integer"}}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "valid child inherits properties and strictness",
+        "schema_id": "child_type",
+        "data": {"a": 1, "b": 2},
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {"success": true}
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "missing inherited required property fails",
+        "schema_id": "child_type",
+        "data": {"b": 2},
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {"success": false}
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "additional properties fail due to inherited strictness",
+        "schema_id": "child_type",
+        "data": {"a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 3},
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {"success": false}
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "Local Shadowing (Composition & Proxies)",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "$id": "budget",
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "max": {"type": "integer", "maximum": 100}
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "$id": "custom_budget",
+          "type": "budget",
+          "properties": {
+            "max": {"type": "integer", "maximum": 50}
+          }
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "shadowing override applies (50 is locally allowed)",
+        "schema_id": "custom_budget",
+        "data": {"max": 40},
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {"success": true}
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "shadowing override applies natively, rejecting 60 even though parent allowed 100",
+        "schema_id": "custom_budget",
+        "data": {"max": 60},
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {"success": false}
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "Inline id Resolution",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "$id": "api.request",
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "inline_obj": {
+              "$id": "inline_nested",
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {"foo": {"type": "string"}},
+              "required": ["foo"]
+            },
+            "proxy_obj": {
+              "type": "inline_nested"
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "proxy resolves and validates to the inline component",
+        "schema_id": "api.request",
+        "data": {
+          "inline_obj": {"foo": "bar"},
+          "proxy_obj": {"foo": "baz"}
+        },
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {"success": true}
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "proxy resolves and catches violation targeting inline component constraints",
+        "schema_id": "api.request",
+        "data": {
+          "inline_obj": {"foo": "bar"},
+          "proxy_obj": {}
+        },
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {"success": false}
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "Primitive Array Shorthand (Optionality)",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "$id": "invoice",
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {"amount": {"type": "integer"}},
+          "required": ["amount"]
+        },
+        {
+          "$id": "request",
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "inv": {"type": ["invoice", "null"]}
+          }
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "valid object passes shorthand inheritance check",
+        "schema_id": "request",
+        "data": {"inv": {"amount": 5}},
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {"success": true}
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "null passes shorthand inheritance check",
+        "schema_id": "request",
+        "data": {"inv": null},
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {"success": true}
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "invalid object fails inner constraints safely",
+        "schema_id": "request",
+        "data": {"inv": {"amount": "string"}},
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {"success": false}
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+]

fixtures/oneOf.json

@@ -1,670 +0,0 @@
-[
-  {
-    "description": "oneOf",
-    "database": {
-      "schemas": [
-        {
-          "oneOf": [
-            {
-              "type": "integer"
-            },
-            {
-              "minimum": 2
-            }
-          ],
-          "$id": "oneOf_0_0"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "first oneOf valid",
-        "data": 1,
-        "schema_id": "oneOf_0_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "second oneOf valid",
-        "data": 2.5,
-        "schema_id": "oneOf_0_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "both oneOf valid",
-        "data": 3,
-        "schema_id": "oneOf_0_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "neither oneOf valid",
-        "data": 1.5,
-        "schema_id": "oneOf_0_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  {
-    "description": "oneOf with base schema",
-    "database": {
-      "schemas": [
-        {
-          "type": "string",
-          "oneOf": [
-            {
-              "minLength": 2
-            },
-            {
-              "maxLength": 4
-            }
-          ],
-          "$id": "oneOf_1_0"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "mismatch base schema",
-        "data": 3,
-        "schema_id": "oneOf_1_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "one oneOf valid",
-        "data": "foobar",
-        "schema_id": "oneOf_1_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "both oneOf valid",
-        "data": "foo",
-        "schema_id": "oneOf_1_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  {
-    "description": "oneOf with boolean schemas, all true",
-    "database": {
-      "schemas": [
-        {
-          "oneOf": [
-            true,
-            true,
-            true
-          ],
-          "$id": "oneOf_2_0"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "any value is invalid",
-        "data": "foo",
-        "schema_id": "oneOf_2_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  {
-    "description": "oneOf with boolean schemas, one true",
-    "database": {
-      "schemas": [
-        {
-          "oneOf": [
-            true,
-            false,
-            false
-          ],
-          "$id": "oneOf_3_0"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "any value is valid",
-        "data": "foo",
-        "schema_id": "oneOf_3_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  {
-    "description": "oneOf with boolean schemas, more than one true",
-    "database": {
-      "schemas": [
-        {
-          "oneOf": [
-            true,
-            true,
-            false
-          ],
-          "$id": "oneOf_4_0"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "any value is invalid",
-        "data": "foo",
-        "schema_id": "oneOf_4_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  {
-    "description": "oneOf with boolean schemas, all false",
-    "database": {
-      "schemas": [
-        {
-          "oneOf": [
-            false,
-            false,
-            false
-          ],
-          "$id": "oneOf_5_0"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "any value is invalid",
-        "data": "foo",
-        "schema_id": "oneOf_5_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  {
-    "description": "oneOf complex types",
-    "database": {
-      "schemas": [
-        {
-          "oneOf": [
-            {
-              "properties": {
-                "bar": {
-                  "type": "integer"
-                }
-              },
-              "required": [
-                "bar"
-              ]
-            },
-            {
-              "properties": {
-                "foo": {
-                  "type": "string"
-                }
-              },
-              "required": [
-                "foo"
-              ]
-            }
-          ],
-          "$id": "oneOf_6_0"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "first oneOf valid (complex)",
-        "data": {
-          "bar": 2
-        },
-        "schema_id": "oneOf_6_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "second oneOf valid (complex)",
-        "data": {
-          "foo": "baz"
-        },
-        "schema_id": "oneOf_6_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "both oneOf valid (complex)",
-        "data": {
-          "foo": "baz",
-          "bar": 2
-        },
-        "schema_id": "oneOf_6_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "neither oneOf valid (complex)",
-        "data": {
-          "foo": 2,
-          "bar": "quux"
-        },
-        "schema_id": "oneOf_6_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  {
-    "description": "oneOf with empty schema",
-    "database": {
-      "schemas": [
-        {
-          "oneOf": [
-            {
-              "type": "number"
-            },
-            {}
-          ],
-          "$id": "oneOf_7_0"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "one valid - valid",
-        "data": "foo",
-        "schema_id": "oneOf_7_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "both valid - invalid",
-        "data": 123,
-        "schema_id": "oneOf_7_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  {
-    "description": "oneOf with required",
-    "database": {
-      "schemas": [
-        {
-          "type": "object",
-          "properties": {
-            "foo": true,
-            "bar": true,
-            "baz": true
-          },
-          "oneOf": [
-            {
-              "required": [
-                "foo",
-                "bar"
-              ]
-            },
-            {
-              "required": [
-                "foo",
-                "baz"
-              ]
-            }
-          ],
-          "$id": "oneOf_8_0"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "both invalid - invalid",
-        "data": {
-          "bar": 2
-        },
-        "schema_id": "oneOf_8_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "first valid - valid",
-        "data": {
-          "foo": 1,
-          "bar": 2
-        },
-        "schema_id": "oneOf_8_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "second valid - valid",
-        "data": {
-          "foo": 1,
-          "baz": 3
-        },
-        "schema_id": "oneOf_8_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "both valid - invalid",
-        "data": {
-          "foo": 1,
-          "bar": 2,
-          "baz": 3
-        },
-        "schema_id": "oneOf_8_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "extra property invalid (strict)",
-        "data": {
-          "foo": 1,
-          "bar": 2,
-          "extra": 3
-        },
-        "schema_id": "oneOf_8_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  {
-    "description": "oneOf with required (extensible)",
-    "database": {
-      "schemas": [
-        {
-          "type": "object",
-          "extensible": true,
-          "oneOf": [
-            {
-              "required": [
-                "foo",
-                "bar"
-              ]
-            },
-            {
-              "required": [
-                "foo",
-                "baz"
-              ]
-            }
-          ],
-          "$id": "oneOf_9_0"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "both invalid - invalid",
-        "data": {
-          "bar": 2
-        },
-        "schema_id": "oneOf_9_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "first valid - valid",
-        "data": {
-          "foo": 1,
-          "bar": 2
-        },
-        "schema_id": "oneOf_9_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "second valid - valid",
-        "data": {
-          "foo": 1,
-          "baz": 3
-        },
-        "schema_id": "oneOf_9_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "both valid - invalid",
-        "data": {
-          "foo": 1,
-          "bar": 2,
-          "baz": 3
-        },
-        "schema_id": "oneOf_9_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "extra properties are valid (extensible)",
-        "data": {
-          "foo": 1,
-          "bar": 2,
-          "extra": "value"
-        },
-        "schema_id": "oneOf_9_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  {
-    "description": "oneOf with missing optional property",
-    "database": {
-      "schemas": [
-        {
-          "oneOf": [
-            {
-              "properties": {
-                "bar": true,
-                "baz": true
-              },
-              "required": [
-                "bar"
-              ]
-            },
-            {
-              "properties": {
-                "foo": true
-              },
-              "required": [
-                "foo"
-              ]
-            }
-          ],
-          "$id": "oneOf_10_0"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "first oneOf valid",
-        "data": {
-          "bar": 8
-        },
-        "schema_id": "oneOf_10_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "second oneOf valid",
-        "data": {
-          "foo": "foo"
-        },
-        "schema_id": "oneOf_10_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "both oneOf valid",
-        "data": {
-          "foo": "foo",
-          "bar": 8
-        },
-        "schema_id": "oneOf_10_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "neither oneOf valid",
-        "data": {
-          "baz": "quux"
-        },
-        "schema_id": "oneOf_10_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  {
-    "description": "nested oneOf, to check validation semantics",
-    "database": {
-      "schemas": [
-        {
-          "oneOf": [
-            {
-              "oneOf": [
-                {
-                  "type": "null"
-                }
-              ]
-            }
-          ],
-          "$id": "oneOf_11_0"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "null is valid",
-        "data": null,
-        "schema_id": "oneOf_11_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "anything non-null is invalid",
-        "data": 123,
-        "schema_id": "oneOf_11_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  {
-    "description": "extensible: true allows extra properties in oneOf",
-    "database": {
-      "schemas": [
-        {
-          "oneOf": [
-            {
-              "properties": {
-                "bar": {
-                  "type": "integer"
-                }
-              },
-              "required": [
-                "bar"
-              ]
-            },
-            {
-              "properties": {
-                "foo": {
-                  "type": "string"
-                }
-              },
-              "required": [
-                "foo"
-              ]
-            }
-          ],
-          "extensible": true,
-          "$id": "oneOf_12_0"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "extra property is valid (matches first option)",
-        "data": {
-          "bar": 2,
-          "extra": "prop"
-        },
-        "schema_id": "oneOf_12_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  }
-]

fixtures/paths.json

@@ -148,6 +148,10 @@
             {
               "code": "REQUIRED_FIELD_MISSING",
               "details": { "path": "ad_hoc_objects/1/name" }
+            },
+            {
+              "code": "STRICT_PROPERTY_VIOLATION",
+              "details": { "path": "ad_hoc_objects/1/age" }
             }
           ]
         }
@@ -210,5 +214,154 @@
         }
       }
     ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "Polymorphic Structure Pathing",
+    "database": {
+      "types": [
+        {
+          "name": "widget",
+          "variations": ["widget"],
+          "schemas": [
+            {
+              "$id": "widget",
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "id": { "type": "string" },
+                "type": { "type": "string" }
+              }
+            },
+            {
+              "$id": "stock.widget",
+              "type": "widget",
+              "properties": {
+                "kind": { "type": "string" },
+                "amount": { "type": "integer" },
+                "details": {
+                  "type": "object",
+                  "properties": {
+                    "nested_metric": { "type": "number" }
+                  },
+                  "required": ["nested_metric"]
+                }
+              },
+              "required": ["amount", "details"]
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      ],
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "$id": "polymorphic_pathing",
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "metadata_bubbles": {
+              "type": "array",
+              "items": {
+                "oneOf": [
+                  {
+                    "$id": "contact_metadata",
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "properties": {
+                      "type": { "const": "contact" },
+                      "phone": { "type": "string" }
+                    },
+                    "required": ["phone"]
+                  },
+                  {
+                    "$id": "invoice_metadata",
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "properties": {
+                      "type": { "const": "invoice" },
+                      "invoice_id": { "type": "integer" }
+                    },
+                    "required": ["invoice_id"]
+                  }
+                ]
+              }
+            },
+            "table_families": {
+              "type": "array",
+              "items": {
+                "$family": "widget"
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "oneOf tags natively bubble specific schema paths into deep array roots",
+        "data": {
+          "metadata_bubbles": [
+            { "type": "invoice", "invoice_id": 100 },
+            { "type": "contact", "phone": 12345, "rogue_field": "x" }
+          ]
+        },
+        "schema_id": "polymorphic_pathing",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false,
+          "errors": [
+            {
+              "code": "INVALID_TYPE",
+              "details": { "path": "metadata_bubbles/1/phone" }
+            },
+            {
+              "code": "STRICT_PROPERTY_VIOLATION",
+              "details": { "path": "metadata_bubbles/1/rogue_field" }
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "families mechanically map physical variants directly onto topological uuid array paths",
+        "data": {
+          "table_families": [
+            {
+              "id": "widget-1",
+              "type": "widget",
+              "kind": "stock",
+              "amount": 500,
+              "details": { "nested_metric": 42.0 }
+            },
+            {
+              "id": "widget-2",
+              "type": "widget",
+              "kind": "stock",
+              "amount": "not_an_int",
+              "details": {
+                 "stray_child": true
+              },
+              "unexpected_root_prop": "hi"
+            }
+          ]
+        },
+        "schema_id": "polymorphic_pathing",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false,
+          "errors": [
+            {
+              "code": "INVALID_TYPE",
+              "details": { "path": "table_families/widget-2/amount" }
+            },
+            {
+              "code": "REQUIRED_FIELD_MISSING",
+              "details": { "path": "table_families/widget-2/details/nested_metric" }
+            },
+            {
+              "code": "STRICT_PROPERTY_VIOLATION",
+              "details": { "path": "table_families/widget-2/details/stray_child" }
+            },
+            {
+              "code": "STRICT_PROPERTY_VIOLATION",
+              "details": { "path": "table_families/widget-2/unexpected_root_prop" }
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      }
+    ]
   }
 ]

fixtures/polymorphism.json

@@ -0,0 +1,479 @@
+[
+  {
+    "description": "Vertical $family Routing (Across Tables)",
+    "database": {
+      "types": [
+        {
+          "name": "entity",
+          "variations": ["entity", "organization", "person", "bot"],
+          "schemas": [
+            {
+              "$id": "entity",
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "type": { "type": "string" },
+                "id": { "type": "string" }
+              }
+            }
+          ]
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "organization",
+          "variations": ["organization", "person"],
+          "schemas": [
+            {
+              "$id": "organization",
+              "type": "entity",
+              "properties": {
+                "name": { "type": "string" }
+              }
+            }
+          ]
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "person",
+          "variations": ["person"],
+          "schemas": [
+            {
+              "$id": "person",
+              "type": "organization",
+              "properties": {
+                "first_name": { "type": "string" }
+              }
+            }
+          ]
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "bot",
+          "variations": ["bot"],
+          "schemas": [
+            {
+              "$id": "bot",
+              "type": "entity",
+              "properties": {
+                "model": { "type": "string" }
+              }
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      ],
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "$id": "family_entity",
+          "$family": "entity"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "Matches base entity",
+        "schema_id": "family_entity",
+        "data": { "type": "entity", "id": "1" },
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": { "success": true }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "Matches descendant person natively",
+        "schema_id": "family_entity",
+        "data": { "type": "person", "id": "2", "first_name": "Bob" },
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": { "success": true }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "Missing type fails out immediately",
+        "schema_id": "family_entity",
+        "data": { "id": "3", "first_name": "Bob" },
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": { "success": false, "errors": [ { "code": "MISSING_TYPE", "details": { "path": "" } } ] }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "Alias matching failure",
+        "schema_id": "family_entity",
+        "data": { "type": "alien", "id": "4" },
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": { "success": false, "errors": [ { "code": "NO_FAMILY_MATCH", "details": { "path": "" } } ] }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "Matrix $family Routing (Vertical + Horizontal Intersections)",
+    "database": {
+      "types": [
+        {
+          "name": "entity",
+          "variations": ["entity", "organization", "person", "bot"],
+          "schemas": [
+            {
+              "$id": "entity",
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "type": { "type": "string" }
+              }
+            },
+            {
+              "$id": "light.entity",
+              "type": "entity",
+              "properties": {
+                "kind": { "type": "string" }
+              }
+            }
+          ]
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "organization",
+          "variations": ["organization", "person"],
+          "schemas": [
+            {
+              "$id": "organization",
+              "type": "entity"
+            },
+            {
+              "$id": "light.organization",
+              "type": "light.entity"
+            }
+          ]
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "person",
+          "variations": ["person"],
+          "schemas": [
+            {
+              "$id": "person",
+              "type": "organization"
+            },
+            {
+              "$id": "light.person",
+              "type": "light.organization"
+            }
+          ]
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "bot",
+          "variations": ["bot"],
+          "schemas": [
+            {
+              "$id": "bot",
+              "type": "entity"
+            },
+            {
+              "$id": "light.bot",
+              "type": "light.entity"
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      ],
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "$id": "family_light_org",
+          "$family": "light.organization"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "Matches light.organization exact matrix target",
+        "schema_id": "family_light_org",
+        "data": { "type": "organization", "kind": "light" },
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": { "success": true }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "Matches descendant light.person through matrix evaluation",
+        "schema_id": "family_light_org",
+        "data": { "type": "person", "kind": "light" },
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": { "success": true }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "Structurally fails to route bot (bot is not descendant of organization)",
+        "schema_id": "family_light_org",
+        "data": { "type": "bot", "kind": "light" },
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": { "success": false, "errors": [ { "code": "NO_FAMILY_MATCH", "details": { "path": "" } } ] }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "Horizontal $family Routing (Virtual Variations)",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "$id": "widget",
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "type": { "type": "string" }
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "$id": "stock.widget",
+          "type": "widget",
+          "properties": {
+            "kind": { "type": "string" },
+            "amount": { "type": "integer" }
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "$id": "super_stock.widget",
+          "type": "stock.widget",
+          "properties": {
+            "super_amount": { "type": "integer" }
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "$id": "family_widget",
+          "$family": "widget"
+        },
+        {
+          "$id": "family_stock_widget",
+          "$family": "stock.widget"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "Base widget resolves stock widget horizontally",
+        "schema_id": "family_widget",
+        "data": { "type": "widget", "kind": "stock", "amount": 5 },
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": { "success": true }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "Base widget resolves nested super stock widget natively via descendants crawl",
+        "schema_id": "family_widget",
+        "data": { "type": "widget", "kind": "super_stock", "amount": 5, "super_amount": 10 },
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": { "success": true }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "stock.widget explicit family resolves nested super stock via fast path",
+        "schema_id": "family_stock_widget",
+        "data": { "type": "widget", "kind": "super_stock", "amount": 5, "super_amount": 10 },
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": { "success": true }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "stock.widget fails when presented an invalid payload constraint",
+        "schema_id": "family_stock_widget",
+        "data": { "type": "widget", "kind": "super_stock", "amount": 5, "super_amount": "not_an_int" },
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": { "success": false, "errors": [ { "code": "INVALID_TYPE", "details": { "path": "super_amount" } } ] }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "Strict oneOf Punc Pointers (Tagged Unions)",
+    "database": {
+      "types": [
+        {
+          "name": "entity",
+          "variations": ["entity", "person", "bot"],
+          "schemas": [
+            {
+              "$id": "entity",
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "type": { "type": "string" }
+              }
+            }
+          ]
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "person",
+          "variations": ["person"],
+          "schemas": [
+            {
+              "$id": "person",
+              "type": "entity"
+            },
+            {
+              "$id": "full.person",
+              "type": "person",
+              "properties": {
+                "kind": { "type": "string" },
+                "age": { "type": "integer" }
+              },
+              "required": ["age"]
+            }
+          ]
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "bot",
+          "variations": ["bot"],
+          "schemas": [
+            {
+              "$id": "bot",
+              "type": "entity"
+            },
+            {
+              "$id": "full.bot",
+              "type": "bot",
+              "properties": {
+                "kind": { "type": "string" },
+                "version": { "type": "string" }
+              },
+              "required": ["version"]
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      ],
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "$id": "oneOf_union",
+          "oneOf": [
+            { "type": "full.person" },
+            { "type": "full.bot" }
+          ]
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "Throws MISSING_TYPE if discriminator matches neither",
+        "schema_id": "oneOf_union",
+        "data": { "kind": "full", "age": 5 },
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": { "success": false, "errors": [ { "code": "MISSING_TYPE", "details": { "path": "" } } ] }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "Golden match throws pure structural error exclusively on person",
+        "schema_id": "oneOf_union",
+        "data": { "type": "person", "kind": "full", "age": "five" },
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": { "success": false, "errors": [ { "code": "INVALID_TYPE", "details": { "path": "age" } } ] }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "Golden matches perfectly",
+        "schema_id": "oneOf_union",
+        "data": { "type": "person", "kind": "full", "age": 5 },
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": { "success": true }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "Fails nicely with NO_ONEOF_MATCH",
+        "schema_id": "oneOf_union",
+        "data": { "type": "alien", "kind": "full", "age": 5 },
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": { "success": false, "errors": [ { "code": "NO_ONEOF_MATCH", "details": { "path": "" } } ] }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "JSONB Field Bubble oneOf Discrimination (Promoted IDs)",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "$id": "metadata",
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "type": { "type": "string" }
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "$id": "invoice.metadata",
+          "type": "metadata",
+          "properties": {
+            "invoice_id": { "type": "integer" }
+          },
+          "required": ["invoice_id"]
+        },
+        {
+          "$id": "payment.metadata",
+          "type": "metadata",
+          "properties": {
+            "payment_id": { "type": "integer" }
+          },
+          "required": ["payment_id"]
+        },
+        {
+          "$id": "oneOf_bubble",
+          "oneOf": [
+            { "type": "invoice.metadata" },
+            { "type": "payment.metadata" }
+          ]
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "Extracts golden match natively from explicit JSONB type discriminator",
+        "schema_id": "oneOf_bubble",
+        "data": { "type": "invoice.metadata", "invoice_id": "nan" },
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false,
+          "errors": [ { "code": "INVALID_TYPE", "details": { "path": "invoice_id" } } ]
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "Valid payload succeeds perfectly in JSONB universe",
+        "schema_id": "oneOf_bubble",
+        "data": { "type": "payment.metadata", "payment_id": 123 },
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": { "success": true }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "Standard JSON Schema oneOf",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "$id": "oneOf_scalars",
+          "oneOf": [
+            { "type": "integer" },
+            { "minimum": 2 }
+          ]
+        },
+        {
+          "$id": "oneOf_dedupe",
+          "oneOf": [
+            {
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "shared": { "type": "integer" }
+              },
+              "required": ["shared"]
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "shared": { "type": "integer" },
+                "extra": { "type": "string" }
+              },
+              "required": ["shared", "extra"]
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "Valid exclusively against first scalar choice",
+        "schema_id": "oneOf_scalars",
+        "data": 1,
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": { "success": true }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "Fails mathematically if matches both schemas natively",
+        "schema_id": "oneOf_scalars",
+        "data": 3,
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": { "success": false }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "Deduper merges shared errors dynamically exactly like JSON Schema",
+        "schema_id": "oneOf_dedupe",
+        "data": { "shared": "nan" },
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false,
+          "errors": [
+            { "code": "NO_ONEOF_MATCH", "details": { "path": "" } },
+            { "code": "INVALID_TYPE", "details": { "path": "shared" } }
+          ]
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+]

fixtures/queryer.json

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
           "schemas": [
             {
               "$id": "get_organization.response",
-              "$ref": "organization"
+              "type": "organization"
             }
           ]
         },
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
               "$id": "get_orders.response",
               "type": "array",
               "items": {
-                "$ref": "light.order"
+                "type": "light.order"
               }
             }
           ]
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@
           "schemas": [
             {
               "$id": "organization",
-              "$ref": "entity",
+              "type": "entity",
               "properties": {
                 "name": {
                   "type": "string"
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@
           "schemas": [
             {
               "$id": "bot",
-              "$ref": "organization",
+              "type": "organization",
               "properties": {
                 "token": {
                   "type": "string"
@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@
           "schemas": [
             {
               "$id": "person",
-              "$ref": "organization",
+              "type": "organization",
               "properties": {
                 "first_name": {
                   "type": "string"
@@ -360,20 +360,20 @@
             },
             {
               "$id": "light.person",
-              "$ref": "person",
+              "type": "person",
               "properties": {}
             },
             {
               "$id": "full.person",
-              "$ref": "person",
+              "type": "person",
               "properties": {
                 "phone_numbers": {
                   "type": "array",
                   "items": {
-                    "$ref": "contact",
+                    "type": "contact",
                     "properties": {
                       "target": {
-                        "$ref": "phone_number"
+                        "type": "phone_number"
                       }
                     }
                   }
@@ -381,10 +381,10 @@
                 "email_addresses": {
                   "type": "array",
                   "items": {
-                    "$ref": "contact",
+                    "type": "contact",
                     "properties": {
                       "target": {
-                        "$ref": "email_address"
+                        "type": "email_address"
                       }
                     }
                   }
@@ -392,10 +392,10 @@
                 "addresses": {
                   "type": "array",
                   "items": {
-                    "$ref": "contact",
+                    "type": "contact",
                     "properties": {
                       "target": {
-                        "$ref": "address"
+                        "type": "address"
                       }
                     }
                   }
@@ -403,18 +403,18 @@
                 "contacts": {
                   "type": "array",
                   "items": {
-                    "$ref": "contact",
+                    "type": "contact",
                     "properties": {
                       "target": {
                         "oneOf": [
                           {
-                            "$ref": "phone_number"
+                            "type": "phone_number"
                           },
                           {
-                            "$ref": "email_address"
+                            "type": "email_address"
                           },
                           {
-                            "$ref": "address"
+                            "type": "address"
                           }
                         ]
                       }
@@ -472,7 +472,7 @@
           "schemas": [
             {
               "$id": "relationship",
-              "$ref": "entity",
+              "type": "entity",
               "properties": {}
             }
           ],
@@ -531,7 +531,7 @@
           "schemas": [
             {
               "$id": "contact",
-              "$ref": "relationship",
+              "type": "relationship",
               "properties": {
                 "is_primary": {
                   "type": "boolean"
@@ -577,7 +577,7 @@
           "schemas": [
             {
               "$id": "phone_number",
-              "$ref": "entity",
+              "type": "entity",
               "properties": {
                 "number": {
                   "type": "string"
@@ -623,7 +623,7 @@
           "schemas": [
             {
               "$id": "email_address",
-              "$ref": "entity",
+              "type": "entity",
               "properties": {
                 "address": {
                   "type": "string"
@@ -669,7 +669,7 @@
           "schemas": [
             {
               "$id": "address",
-              "$ref": "entity",
+              "type": "entity",
               "properties": {
                 "city": {
                   "type": "string"
@@ -686,7 +686,7 @@
           "schemas": [
             {
               "$id": "order",
-              "$ref": "entity",
+              "type": "entity",
               "properties": {
                 "total": {
                   "type": "number"
@@ -698,24 +698,24 @@
             },
             {
               "$id": "light.order",
-              "$ref": "order",
+              "type": "order",
               "properties": {
                 "customer": {
-                  "$ref": "person"
+                  "type": "person"
                 }
               }
             },
             {
               "$id": "full.order",
-              "$ref": "order",
+              "type": "order",
               "properties": {
                 "customer": {
-                  "$ref": "person"
+                  "type": "person"
                 },
                 "lines": {
                   "type": "array",
                   "items": {
-                    "$ref": "order_line"
+                    "type": "order_line"
                   }
                 }
               }
@@ -784,7 +784,7 @@
           "schemas": [
             {
               "$id": "order_line",
-              "$ref": "entity",
+              "type": "entity",
               "properties": {
                 "order_id": {
                   "type": "string"
@@ -862,13 +862,13 @@
           "success": true,
           "sql": [
             [
-              "(SELECT jsonb_build_object(",
+              "(SELECT jsonb_strip_nulls((SELECT jsonb_build_object(",
               "    'archived', entity_1.archived,",
               "    'created_at', entity_1.created_at,",
               "    'id', entity_1.id,",
               "    'type', entity_1.type)",
               "FROM agreego.entity entity_1",
-              "WHERE NOT entity_1.archived)"
+              "WHERE NOT entity_1.archived)))"
             ]
           ]
         }
@@ -905,7 +905,7 @@
           "success": true,
           "sql": [
             [
-              "(SELECT jsonb_build_object(",
+              "(SELECT jsonb_strip_nulls((SELECT jsonb_build_object(",
               "    'archived', entity_1.archived,",
               "    'created_at', entity_1.created_at,",
               "    'id', entity_1.id,",
@@ -926,7 +926,7 @@
               "    AND entity_1.id IN (SELECT value::uuid FROM jsonb_array_elements_text(($10#>>'{}')::jsonb))",
               "    AND entity_1.id != ($11#>>'{}')::uuid",
               "    AND entity_1.id NOT IN (SELECT value::uuid FROM jsonb_array_elements_text(($12#>>'{}')::jsonb))",
-              ")"
+              ")))"
             ]
           ]
         }
@@ -939,7 +939,7 @@
           "success": true,
           "sql": [
             [
-              "(SELECT jsonb_build_object(",
+              "(SELECT jsonb_strip_nulls((SELECT jsonb_build_object(",
               "    'age', person_1.age,",
               "    'archived', entity_3.archived,",
               "    'created_at', entity_3.created_at,",
@@ -951,7 +951,7 @@
               "FROM agreego.person person_1",
               "JOIN agreego.organization organization_2 ON organization_2.id = person_1.id",
               "JOIN agreego.entity entity_3 ON entity_3.id = organization_2.id",
-              "WHERE NOT entity_3.archived)"
+              "WHERE NOT entity_3.archived)))"
             ]
           ]
         }
@@ -964,7 +964,7 @@
           "success": true,
           "sql": [
             [
-              "(SELECT jsonb_build_object(",
+              "(SELECT jsonb_strip_nulls((SELECT jsonb_build_object(",
               "    'addresses',",
               "    (SELECT COALESCE(jsonb_agg(jsonb_build_object(",
               "        'archived', entity_6.archived,",
@@ -1116,7 +1116,7 @@
               "FROM agreego.person person_1",
               "JOIN agreego.organization organization_2 ON organization_2.id = person_1.id",
               "JOIN agreego.entity entity_3 ON entity_3.id = organization_2.id",
-              "WHERE NOT entity_3.archived)"
+              "WHERE NOT entity_3.archived)))"
             ]
           ]
         }
@@ -1200,7 +1200,7 @@
           "success": true,
           "sql": [
             [
-              "(SELECT jsonb_build_object(",
+              "(SELECT jsonb_strip_nulls((SELECT jsonb_build_object(",
               "    'addresses',",
               "    (SELECT COALESCE(jsonb_agg(jsonb_build_object(",
               "        'archived', entity_6.archived,",
@@ -1385,7 +1385,7 @@
               "    AND entity_3.id != ($28#>>'{}')::uuid",
               "    AND entity_3.id NOT IN (SELECT value::uuid FROM jsonb_array_elements_text(($29#>>'{}')::jsonb))",
               "    AND person_1.last_name ILIKE $30#>>'{}'",
-              "    AND person_1.last_name NOT ILIKE $31#>>'{}')"
+              "    AND person_1.last_name NOT ILIKE $31#>>'{}')))"
             ]
           ]
         }
@@ -1398,7 +1398,7 @@
           "success": true,
           "sql": [
             [
-              "(SELECT jsonb_build_object(",
+              "(SELECT jsonb_strip_nulls((SELECT jsonb_build_object(",
               "    'archived', entity_3.archived,",
               "    'created_at', entity_3.created_at,",
               "    'id', entity_3.id,",
@@ -1423,7 +1423,7 @@
               "JOIN agreego.entity entity_3 ON entity_3.id = relationship_2.id",
               "WHERE",
               "    NOT entity_3.archived",
-              "    AND relationship_2.target_type = 'email_address')"
+              "    AND relationship_2.target_type = 'email_address')))"
             ]
           ]
         }
@@ -1436,7 +1436,7 @@
           "success": true,
           "sql": [
             [
-              "(SELECT jsonb_build_object(",
+              "(SELECT jsonb_strip_nulls((SELECT jsonb_build_object(",
               "    'archived', entity_2.archived,",
               "    'created_at', entity_2.created_at,",
               "    'customer',",
@@ -1478,7 +1478,7 @@
               ")",
               "FROM agreego.order order_1",
               "JOIN agreego.entity entity_2 ON entity_2.id = order_1.id",
-              "WHERE NOT entity_2.archived)"
+              "WHERE NOT entity_2.archived)))"
             ]
           ]
         }
@@ -1491,7 +1491,7 @@
           "success": true,
           "sql": [
             [
-              "(SELECT jsonb_build_object(",
+              "(SELECT jsonb_strip_nulls((SELECT jsonb_build_object(",
               "    'archived', entity_2.archived,",
               "    'created_at', entity_2.created_at,",
               "    'id', entity_2.id,",
@@ -1500,7 +1500,7 @@
               ")",
               "FROM agreego.organization organization_1",
               "JOIN agreego.entity entity_2 ON entity_2.id = organization_1.id",
-              "WHERE NOT entity_2.archived)"
+              "WHERE NOT entity_2.archived)))"
             ]
           ]
         }
@@ -1513,7 +1513,7 @@
           "success": true,
           "sql": [
             [
-              "(SELECT COALESCE(jsonb_agg(jsonb_build_object(",
+              "(SELECT jsonb_strip_nulls((SELECT COALESCE(jsonb_agg(jsonb_build_object(",
               "    'id', organization_1.id,",
               "    'type', CASE",
               "        WHEN organization_1.type = 'bot' THEN",
@@ -1559,7 +1559,7 @@
               ")), '[]'::jsonb)",
               "FROM agreego.organization organization_1",
               "JOIN agreego.entity entity_2 ON entity_2.id = organization_1.id",
-              "WHERE NOT entity_2.archived)"
+              "WHERE NOT entity_2.archived)))"
             ]
           ]
         }
@@ -1572,7 +1572,7 @@
           "success": true,
           "sql": [
             [
-              "(SELECT jsonb_build_object(",
+              "(SELECT jsonb_strip_nulls((SELECT jsonb_build_object(",
               "    'age', person_1.age,",
               "    'archived', entity_3.archived,",
               "    'created_at', entity_3.created_at,",
@@ -1585,7 +1585,7 @@
               "FROM agreego.person person_1",
               "JOIN agreego.organization organization_2 ON organization_2.id = person_1.id",
               "JOIN agreego.entity entity_3 ON entity_3.id = organization_2.id",
-              "WHERE NOT entity_3.archived)"
+              "WHERE NOT entity_3.archived)))"
             ]
           ]
         }
@@ -1598,7 +1598,7 @@
           "success": true,
           "sql": [
             [
-              "(SELECT COALESCE(jsonb_agg(jsonb_build_object(",
+              "(SELECT jsonb_strip_nulls((SELECT COALESCE(jsonb_agg(jsonb_build_object(",
               "    'archived', entity_2.archived,",
               "    'created_at', entity_2.created_at,",
               "    'customer',",
@@ -1625,7 +1625,7 @@
               ")), '[]'::jsonb)",
               "FROM agreego.order order_1",
               "JOIN agreego.entity entity_2 ON entity_2.id = order_1.id",
-              "WHERE NOT entity_2.archived)"
+              "WHERE NOT entity_2.archived)))"
             ]
           ]
         }

fixtures/ref.json

@@ -1,929 +0,0 @@
-[
-  {
-    "description": "nested refs",
-    "database": {
-      "schemas": [
-        {
-          "$ref": "c_212",
-          "$id": "ref_4_0"
-        },
-        {
-          "$id": "a_212",
-          "type": "integer"
-        },
-        {
-          "$id": "b_212",
-          "$ref": "a_212"
-        },
-        {
-          "$id": "c_212",
-          "$ref": "b_212"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "nested ref valid",
-        "data": 5,
-        "schema_id": "ref_4_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "nested ref invalid",
-        "data": "a",
-        "schema_id": "ref_4_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  {
-    "description": "ref applies alongside sibling keywords",
-    "database": {
-      "schemas": [
-        {
-          "properties": {
-            "foo": {
-              "$ref": "reffed_248",
-              "maxItems": 2
-            }
-          },
-          "$id": "ref_5_0"
-        },
-        {
-          "$id": "reffed_248",
-          "type": "array"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "ref valid, maxItems valid",
-        "data": {
-          "foo": []
-        },
-        "schema_id": "ref_5_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "ref valid, maxItems invalid",
-        "data": {
-          "foo": [
-            1,
-            2,
-            3
-          ]
-        },
-        "schema_id": "ref_5_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "ref invalid",
-        "data": {
-          "foo": "string"
-        },
-        "schema_id": "ref_5_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  {
-    "description": "property named $ref that is not a reference",
-    "database": {
-      "schemas": [
-        {
-          "properties": {
-            "$ref": {
-              "type": "string"
-            }
-          },
-          "$id": "ref_6_0"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "property named $ref valid",
-        "data": {
-          "$ref": "a"
-        },
-        "schema_id": "ref_6_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "property named $ref invalid",
-        "data": {
-          "$ref": 2
-        },
-        "schema_id": "ref_6_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  {
-    "description": "property named $ref, containing an actual $ref",
-    "database": {
-      "schemas": [
-        {
-          "properties": {
-            "$ref": {
-              "$ref": "is-string_344"
-            }
-          },
-          "$id": "ref_7_0"
-        },
-        {
-          "$id": "is-string_344",
-          "type": "string"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "property named $ref valid",
-        "data": {
-          "$ref": "a"
-        },
-        "schema_id": "ref_7_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "property named $ref invalid",
-        "data": {
-          "$ref": 2
-        },
-        "schema_id": "ref_7_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  {
-    "description": "$ref to boolean schema true",
-    "database": {
-      "schemas": [
-        {
-          "$ref": "bool_378",
-          "$id": "ref_8_0"
-        },
-        {
-          "$id": "bool_378",
-          "extensible": true
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "any value is valid",
-        "data": "foo",
-        "schema_id": "ref_8_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  {
-    "description": "$ref to boolean schema false",
-    "database": {
-      "schemas": [
-        {
-          "$ref": "bool_400",
-          "$id": "ref_9_0"
-        },
-        {
-          "$id": "bool_400",
-          "extensible": false,
-          "not": {}
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "any value is invalid",
-        "data": "foo",
-        "schema_id": "ref_9_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  {
-    "description": "refs with quote",
-    "database": {
-      "schemas": [
-        {
-          "properties": {
-            "foo\"bar": {
-              "$ref": "foo%22bar_550"
-            }
-          },
-          "$id": "ref_11_0"
-        },
-        {
-          "$id": "foo%22bar_550",
-          "type": "number"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "object with numbers is valid",
-        "data": {
-          "foo\"bar": 1
-        },
-        "schema_id": "ref_11_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "object with strings is invalid",
-        "data": {
-          "foo\"bar": "1"
-        },
-        "schema_id": "ref_11_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  {
-    "description": "$ref boundary resets to loose",
-    "database": {
-      "schemas": [
-        {
-          "$ref": "target_1465",
-          "$id": "ref_35_0"
-        },
-        {
-          "$id": "target_1465",
-          "properties": {
-            "foo": {
-              "type": "string"
-            }
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "extra property in ref target is invalid (strict by default)",
-        "data": {
-          "foo": "bar",
-          "extra": 1
-        },
-        "schema_id": "ref_35_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  {
-    "description": "$ref target can enforce strictness",
-    "database": {
-      "schemas": [
-        {
-          "$ref": "target_1496",
-          "$id": "ref_36_0"
-        },
-        {
-          "$id": "target_1496",
-          "extensible": false,
-          "properties": {
-            "foo": {
-              "type": "string"
-            }
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "extra property in ref target is invalid",
-        "data": {
-          "foo": "bar",
-          "extra": 1
-        },
-        "schema_id": "ref_36_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  {
-    "description": "strictness: boundary reset at $ref",
-    "database": {
-      "schemas": [
-        {
-          "extensible": true,
-          "properties": {
-            "inline_child": {
-              "properties": {
-                "a": {
-                  "type": "integer"
-                }
-              }
-            },
-            "ref_child": {
-              "$ref": "strict_node_1544"
-            },
-            "extensible_ref_child": {
-              "$ref": "extensible_node_1551"
-            }
-          },
-          "$id": "ref_37_0"
-        },
-        {
-          "$id": "strict_node_1544",
-          "properties": {
-            "b": {
-              "type": "integer"
-            }
-          }
-        },
-        {
-          "$id": "extensible_node_1551",
-          "extensible": true,
-          "properties": {
-            "c": {
-              "type": "integer"
-            }
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "inline child inherits looseness",
-        "data": {
-          "inline_child": {
-            "a": 1,
-            "extra": 2
-          }
-        },
-        "schema_id": "ref_37_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "ref child resets to strict (default)",
-        "data": {
-          "ref_child": {
-            "b": 1,
-            "extra": 2
-          }
-        },
-        "schema_id": "ref_37_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "ref child with explicit extensible=true is loose",
-        "data": {
-          "extensible_ref_child": {
-            "c": 1,
-            "extra": 2
-          }
-        },
-        "schema_id": "ref_37_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  {
-    "description": "arrays: ref items inherit strictness (reset at boundary)",
-    "database": {
-      "schemas": [
-        {
-          "properties": {
-            "list": {
-              "type": "array",
-              "items": {
-                "$ref": "strict_node_1614"
-              }
-            }
-          },
-          "$id": "ref_38_0"
-        },
-        {
-          "$id": "strict_node_1614",
-          "properties": {
-            "a": {
-              "type": "integer"
-            }
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "ref item with extra property is invalid (strict by default)",
-        "data": {
-          "list": [
-            {
-              "a": 1,
-              "extra": 2
-            }
-          ]
-        },
-        "schema_id": "ref_38_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  {
-    "description": "implicit keyword shadowing",
-    "database": {
-      "schemas": [
-        {
-          "$ref": "parent_1648",
-          "properties": {
-            "type": {
-              "const": "child"
-            },
-            "age": {
-              "minimum": 15
-            }
-          },
-          "$id": "ref_39_0"
-        },
-        {
-          "$id": "parent_1648",
-          "type": "object",
-          "properties": {
-            "type": {
-              "const": "parent"
-            },
-            "age": {
-              "minimum": 10,
-              "maximum": 20
-            }
-          },
-          "required": [
-            "type",
-            "age"
-          ]
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "child type overrides parent type",
-        "data": {
-          "type": "child",
-          "age": 15
-        },
-        "schema_id": "ref_39_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "parent type is now invalid (shadowed)",
-        "data": {
-          "type": "parent",
-          "age": 15
-        },
-        "schema_id": "ref_39_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "child min age (15) is enforced",
-        "data": {
-          "type": "child",
-          "age": 12
-        },
-        "schema_id": "ref_39_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "parent max age (20) is shadowed (replaced) by child definition",
-        "data": {
-          "type": "child",
-          "age": 21
-        },
-        "schema_id": "ref_39_0",
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  {
-    "description": "Entities extending entities (Physical Birth)",
-    "database": {
-      "types": [
-        {
-          "name": "entity",
-          "variations": [
-            "entity",
-            "organization",
-            "person"
-          ],
-          "schemas": [
-            {
-              "$id": "entity",
-              "type": "object",
-              "properties": {
-                "id": {
-                  "type": "string"
-                },
-                "type": {
-                  "type": "string"
-                }
-              }
-            }
-          ]
-        },
-        {
-          "name": "organization",
-          "variations": [
-            "organization",
-            "person"
-          ],
-          "schemas": [
-            {
-              "$id": "organization",
-              "$ref": "entity",
-              "properties": {
-                "name": {
-                  "type": "string"
-                }
-              }
-            }
-          ]
-        },
-        {
-          "name": "person",
-          "variations": [
-            "person"
-          ],
-          "schemas": [
-            {
-              "$id": "person",
-              "$ref": "organization",
-              "properties": {
-                "first_name": {
-                  "type": "string"
-                }
-              }
-            }
-          ]
-        }
-      ],
-      "puncs": [
-        {
-          "name": "save_org",
-          "schemas": [
-            {
-              "$id": "save_org.request",
-              "$ref": "organization"
-            }
-          ]
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "Valid person against organization schema (implicit type allowance from physical hierarchy)",
-        "schema_id": "save_org.request",
-        "data": {
-          "id": "1",
-          "type": "person",
-          "name": "ACME"
-        },
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "Valid organization against organization schema",
-        "schema_id": "save_org.request",
-        "data": {
-          "id": "2",
-          "type": "organization",
-          "name": "ACME"
-        },
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "Invalid entity against organization schema (ancestor not allowed)",
-        "schema_id": "save_org.request",
-        "data": {
-          "id": "3",
-          "type": "entity"
-        },
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false,
-          "errors": [
-            {
-              "code": "CONST_VIOLATED",
-              "details": { "path": "type" }
-            }
-          ]
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  {
-    "description": "Viral Infection: Ad-hocs inheriting entity boundaries via $ref",
-    "database": {
-      "types": [
-        {
-          "name": "entity",
-          "variations": [
-            "entity",
-            "person"
-          ],
-          "schemas": [
-            {
-              "$id": "entity",
-              "type": "object",
-              "properties": {
-                "id": {
-                  "type": "string"
-                },
-                "type": {
-                  "type": "string"
-                }
-              }
-            }
-          ]
-        },
-        {
-          "name": "person",
-          "variations": [
-            "person"
-          ],
-          "schemas": [
-            {
-              "$id": "person",
-              "$ref": "entity",
-              "properties": {
-                "first_name": {
-                  "type": "string"
-                }
-              }
-            },
-            {
-              "$id": "light.person",
-              "$ref": "entity",
-              "properties": {
-                "first_name": {
-                  "type": "string"
-                }
-              }
-            }
-          ]
-        }
-      ],
-      "puncs": [
-        {
-          "name": "save_person_light",
-          "schemas": [
-            {
-              "$id": "save_person_light.request",
-              "$ref": "light.person",
-              "properties": {
-                "extra_request_field": {
-                  "type": "string"
-                }
-              }
-            }
-          ]
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "Valid person against ad-hoc request schema (request virally inherited person variations)",
-        "schema_id": "save_person_light.request",
-        "data": {
-          "id": "1",
-          "type": "person",
-          "first_name": "John",
-          "extra_request_field": "test"
-        },
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "Invalid entity against ad-hoc request schema (viral inheritance enforces person boundary)",
-        "schema_id": "save_person_light.request",
-        "data": {
-          "id": "1",
-          "type": "entity",
-          "first_name": "John"
-        },
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false,
-          "errors": [
-            {
-              "code": "CONST_VIOLATED",
-              "details": { "path": "type" }
-            }
-          ]
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  {
-    "description": "Ad-hocs extending ad-hocs (No type property)",
-    "database": {
-      "puncs": [
-        {
-          "name": "save_address",
-          "schemas": [
-            {
-              "$id": "address",
-              "type": "object",
-              "properties": {
-                "street": {
-                  "type": "string"
-                },
-                "city": {
-                  "type": "string"
-                }
-              }
-            },
-            {
-              "$id": "us_address",
-              "$ref": "address",
-              "properties": {
-                "state": {
-                  "type": "string"
-                },
-                "zip": {
-                  "type": "string"
-                }
-              }
-            },
-            {
-              "$id": "save_address.request",
-              "$ref": "us_address"
-            }
-          ]
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "Valid us_address",
-        "schema_id": "save_address.request",
-        "data": {
-          "street": "123 Main",
-          "city": "Anytown",
-          "state": "CA",
-          "zip": "12345"
-        },
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "Invalid base address against us_address",
-        "schema_id": "save_address.request",
-        "data": {
-          "street": "123 Main",
-          "city": "Anytown"
-        },
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  {
-    "description": "Ad-hocs extending ad-hocs (with string type property, no magic)",
-    "database": {
-      "puncs": [
-        {
-          "name": "save_config",
-          "schemas": [
-            {
-              "$id": "config_base",
-              "type": "object",
-              "properties": {
-                "type": {
-                  "type": "string",
-                  "const": "config_base"
-                },
-                "setting": {
-                  "type": "string"
-                }
-              }
-            },
-            {
-              "$id": "config_advanced",
-              "$ref": "config_base",
-              "properties": {
-                "type": {
-                  "type": "string",
-                  "const": "config_advanced"
-                },
-                "advanced_setting": {
-                  "type": "string"
-                }
-              }
-            },
-            {
-              "$id": "save_config.request",
-              "$ref": "config_base"
-            }
-          ]
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tests": [
-      {
-        "description": "Valid config_base against config_base",
-        "schema_id": "save_config.request",
-        "data": {
-          "type": "config_base",
-          "setting": "on"
-        },
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": true
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "description": "Invalid config_advanced against config_base (no type magic, const is strictly 'config_base')",
-        "schema_id": "save_config.request",
-        "data": {
-          "type": "config_advanced",
-          "setting": "on",
-          "advanced_setting": "off"
-        },
-        "action": "validate",
-        "expect": {
-          "success": false
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  }
-]

src/database/mod.rs

@@ -242,12 +242,14 @@ impl Database {
         if !visited.insert(current_id.clone()) {
           break; // Cycle detected
         }
-        if let Some(ref_str) = &schema.obj.r#ref {
-          current_id = ref_str.clone();
-          depth += 1;
-        } else {
-          break;
+        if let Some(crate::database::schema::SchemaTypeOrArray::Single(t)) = &schema.obj.type_ {
+          if !crate::database::schema::is_primitive_type(t) {
+            current_id = t.clone();
+            depth += 1;
+            continue;
+          }
         }
+        break;
       }
       depths.insert(id, depth);
     }
@@ -257,11 +259,13 @@ impl Database {
   fn collect_descendants(&mut self) {
     let mut direct_refs: HashMap<String, Vec<String>> = HashMap::new();
     for (id, schema) in &self.schemas {
-      if let Some(ref_str) = &schema.obj.r#ref {
-        direct_refs
-          .entry(ref_str.clone())
-          .or_default()
-          .push(id.clone());
+      if let Some(crate::database::schema::SchemaTypeOrArray::Single(t)) = &schema.obj.type_ {
+        if !crate::database::schema::is_primitive_type(t) {
+          direct_refs
+            .entry(t.clone())
+            .or_default()
+            .push(id.clone());
+        }
       }
     }
 

src/database/schema.rs

@@ -33,15 +33,30 @@ where
   Ok(Some(v))
 }
 
+pub fn is_primitive_type(t: &str) -> bool {
+  matches!(
+    t,
+    "string" | "number" | "integer" | "boolean" | "object" | "array" | "null"
+  )
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct Case {
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub when: Option<Arc<Schema>>,
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub then: Option<Arc<Schema>>,
+  #[serde(rename = "else")]
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub else_: Option<Arc<Schema>>,
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Default)]
 pub struct SchemaObject {
   // Core Schema Keywords
   #[serde(rename = "$id")]
   #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
   pub id: Option<String>,
-  #[serde(rename = "$ref")]
-  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-  pub r#ref: Option<String>,
   #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
   pub description: Option<String>,
   #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
@@ -150,24 +165,14 @@ pub struct SchemaObject {
   pub exclusive_maximum: Option<f64>,
 
   // Combining Keywords
-  #[serde(rename = "allOf")]
   #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-  pub all_of: Option<Vec<Arc<Schema>>>,
+  pub cases: Option<Vec<Case>>,
   #[serde(rename = "oneOf")]
   #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
   pub one_of: Option<Vec<Arc<Schema>>>,
   #[serde(rename = "not")]
   #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
   pub not: Option<Arc<Schema>>,
-  #[serde(rename = "if")]
-  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-  pub if_: Option<Arc<Schema>>,
-  #[serde(rename = "then")]
-  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-  pub then_: Option<Arc<Schema>>,
-  #[serde(rename = "else")]
-  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-  pub else_: Option<Arc<Schema>>,
 
   // Custom Vocabularies
   #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
@@ -300,35 +305,45 @@ impl Schema {
     let mut props = std::collections::BTreeMap::new();
 
     // 1. Resolve INHERITANCE dependencies first
-    if let Some(ref_id) = &self.obj.r#ref {
-      if let Some(parent) = db.schemas.get(ref_id) {
-        parent.compile(db, visited, errors);
-        if let Some(p_props) = parent.obj.compiled_properties.get() {
-          props.extend(p_props.clone());
+    if let Some(crate::database::schema::SchemaTypeOrArray::Single(t)) = &self.obj.type_ {
+      if !crate::database::schema::is_primitive_type(t) {
+        if let Some(parent) = db.schemas.get(t) {
+          parent.compile(db, visited, errors);
+          if let Some(p_props) = parent.obj.compiled_properties.get() {
+            props.extend(p_props.clone());
+          }
         }
       }
     }
 
-    if let Some(all_of) = &self.obj.all_of {
-      for ao in all_of {
-        ao.compile(db, visited, errors);
-        if let Some(ao_props) = ao.obj.compiled_properties.get() {
-          props.extend(ao_props.clone());
+    if let Some(crate::database::schema::SchemaTypeOrArray::Multiple(types)) = &self.obj.type_ {
+      let mut custom_type_count = 0;
+      for t in types {
+        if !crate::database::schema::is_primitive_type(t) {
+          custom_type_count += 1;
         }
       }
-    }
 
-    if let Some(then_schema) = &self.obj.then_ {
-      then_schema.compile(db, visited, errors);
-      if let Some(t_props) = then_schema.obj.compiled_properties.get() {
-        props.extend(t_props.clone());
+      if custom_type_count > 1 {
+        errors.push(crate::drop::Error {
+          code: "MULTIPLE_INHERITANCE_PROHIBITED".to_string(),
+          message: format!(
+            "Schema '{}' attempts to extend multiple custom object pointers in its type array. Use 'oneOf' for polymorphism and tagged unions.",
+            self.obj.identifier().unwrap_or("unknown".to_string())
+          ),
+          details: crate::drop::ErrorDetails {
+             path: self.obj.identifier().unwrap_or("unknown".to_string()),
+             ..Default::default()
+          }
+        });
       }
-    }
 
-    if let Some(else_schema) = &self.obj.else_ {
-      else_schema.compile(db, visited, errors);
-      if let Some(e_props) = else_schema.obj.compiled_properties.get() {
-        props.extend(e_props.clone());
+      for t in types {
+        if !crate::database::schema::is_primitive_type(t) {
+          if let Some(parent) = db.schemas.get(t) {
+            parent.compile(db, visited, errors);
+          }
+        }
       }
     }
 
@@ -382,11 +397,18 @@ impl Schema {
     if let Some(child) = &self.obj.contains {
       child.compile(db, visited, errors);
     }
-    if let Some(child) = &self.obj.property_names {
-      child.compile(db, visited, errors);
-    }
-    if let Some(child) = &self.obj.if_ {
-      child.compile(db, visited, errors);
+    if let Some(cases) = &self.obj.cases {
+      for c in cases {
+        if let Some(child) = &c.when {
+          child.compile(db, visited, errors);
+        }
+        if let Some(child) = &c.then {
+          child.compile(db, visited, errors);
+        }
+        if let Some(child) = &c.else_ {
+          child.compile(db, visited, errors);
+        }
+      }
     }
 
     if let Some(id) = &self.obj.id {
@@ -422,8 +444,10 @@ impl Schema {
       Self::validate_identifier(id, "$id", errors);
       to_insert.push((id.clone(), self.clone()));
     }
-    if let Some(r#ref) = &self.obj.r#ref {
-      Self::validate_identifier(r#ref, "$ref", errors);
+    if let Some(crate::database::schema::SchemaTypeOrArray::Single(t)) = &self.obj.type_ {
+      if !crate::database::schema::is_primitive_type(t) {
+        Self::validate_identifier(t, "type", errors);
+      }
     }
     if let Some(family) = &self.obj.family {
       Self::validate_identifier(family, "$family", errors);
@@ -431,9 +455,13 @@ impl Schema {
 
     // Is this schema an inline ad-hoc composition?
     // Meaning it has a tracking context, lacks an explicit $id, but extends an Entity ref with explicit properties!
-    if self.obj.id.is_none() && self.obj.r#ref.is_some() && self.obj.properties.is_some() {
-      if let Some(ref path) = tracking_path {
-        to_insert.push((path.clone(), self.clone()));
+    if self.obj.id.is_none() && self.obj.properties.is_some() {
+      if let Some(crate::database::schema::SchemaTypeOrArray::Single(t)) = &self.obj.type_ {
+        if !crate::database::schema::is_primitive_type(t) {
+          if let Some(ref path) = tracking_path {
+            to_insert.push((path.clone(), self.clone()));
+          }
+        }
       }
     }
 
@@ -478,9 +506,7 @@ impl Schema {
     if let Some(arr) = &mut self.obj.prefix_items {
       map_arr(arr);
     }
-    if let Some(arr) = &mut self.obj.all_of {
-      map_arr(arr);
-    }
+
     if let Some(arr) = &mut self.obj.one_of {
       map_arr(arr);
     }
@@ -503,9 +529,25 @@ impl Schema {
     map_opt(&mut self.obj.not, false);
     map_opt(&mut self.obj.contains, false);
     map_opt(&mut self.obj.property_names, false);
-    map_opt(&mut self.obj.if_, false);
-    map_opt(&mut self.obj.then_, false);
-    map_opt(&mut self.obj.else_, false);
+    if let Some(cases) = &mut self.obj.cases {
+      for c in cases.iter_mut() {
+        if let Some(when) = &mut c.when {
+          let mut inner = (**when).clone();
+          inner.collect_schemas(origin_path.clone(), to_insert, errors);
+          *when = Arc::new(inner);
+        }
+        if let Some(then) = &mut c.then {
+          let mut inner = (**then).clone();
+          inner.collect_schemas(origin_path.clone(), to_insert, errors);
+          *then = Arc::new(inner);
+        }
+        if let Some(else_) = &mut c.else_ {
+          let mut inner = (**else_).clone();
+          inner.collect_schemas(origin_path.clone(), to_insert, errors);
+          *else_ = Arc::new(inner);
+        }
+      }
+    }
   }
 
   /// Dynamically infers and compiles all structural database relationships between this Schema
@@ -766,6 +808,8 @@ pub(crate) fn resolve_relation<'a>(
   if !resolved {
     let mut details = crate::drop::ErrorDetails {
       path: path.to_string(),
+      context: serde_json::to_value(&matching_rels).ok(),
+      cause: Some("Multiple conflicting constraints found matching prefixes".to_string()),
       ..Default::default()
     };
     if let Some(sid) = schema_id {
@@ -821,13 +865,9 @@ impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for Schema {
       && obj.format.is_none()
       && obj.enum_.is_none()
       && obj.const_.is_none()
-      && obj.all_of.is_none()
+      && obj.cases.is_none()
       && obj.one_of.is_none()
       && obj.not.is_none()
-      && obj.if_.is_none()
-      && obj.then_.is_none()
-      && obj.else_.is_none()
-      && obj.r#ref.is_none()
       && obj.family.is_none();
 
     if is_empty && obj.extensible.is_none() {
@@ -843,11 +883,15 @@ impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for Schema {
 
 impl SchemaObject {
   pub fn identifier(&self) -> Option<String> {
-    if let Some(lookup_key) = self.id.as_ref().or(self.r#ref.as_ref()) {
-      Some(lookup_key.split('.').next_back().unwrap_or("").to_string())
-    } else {
-      None
+    if let Some(id) = &self.id {
+      return Some(id.split('.').next_back().unwrap_or("").to_string());
     }
+    if let Some(SchemaTypeOrArray::Single(t)) = &self.type_ {
+      if !is_primitive_type(t) {
+        return Some(t.split('.').next_back().unwrap_or("").to_string());
+      }
+    }
+    None
   }
 }
 

src/queryer/compiler.rs

@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ impl<'a> Compiler<'a> {
     };
 
     let (sql, _) = compiler.compile_node(node)?;
-    Ok(sql)
+    Ok(format!("(SELECT jsonb_strip_nulls({}))", sql))
   }
 
   /// Recursively walks the schema AST emitting native PostgreSQL jsonb mapping
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ impl<'a> Compiler<'a> {
   }
 
   fn compile_array(&mut self, node: Node<'a>) -> Result<(String, String), String> {
-    // 1. Array of DB Entities (`$ref` or `$family` pointing to a table limit)
+    // 1. Array of DB Entities (`type` or `$family` pointing to a table limit)
     if let Some(items) = &node.schema.obj.items {
       let mut resolved_type = None;
       if let Some(family_target) = items.obj.family.as_ref() {
@@ -112,15 +112,17 @@ impl<'a> Compiler<'a> {
       return self.compile_entity(type_def, node.clone(), false);
     }
 
-    // Handle Direct Refs
-    if let Some(ref_id) = &node.schema.obj.r#ref {
-      // If it's just an ad-hoc struct ref, we should resolve it
-      if let Some(target_schema) = self.db.schemas.get(ref_id) {
-        let mut ref_node = node.clone();
-        ref_node.schema = std::sync::Arc::new(target_schema.clone());
-        return self.compile_node(ref_node);
+    // Handle Direct Refs via type pointer
+    if let Some(crate::database::schema::SchemaTypeOrArray::Single(t)) = &node.schema.obj.type_ {
+      if !crate::database::schema::is_primitive_type(t) {
+        // If it's just an ad-hoc struct ref, we should resolve it
+        if let Some(target_schema) = self.db.schemas.get(t) {
+          let mut ref_node = node.clone();
+          ref_node.schema = std::sync::Arc::new(target_schema.clone());
+          return self.compile_node(ref_node);
+        }
+        return Err(format!("Unresolved schema type pointer: {}", t));
       }
-      return Err(format!("Unresolved $ref: {}", ref_id));
     }
     // Handle $family Polymorphism fallbacks for relations
     if let Some(family_target) = &node.schema.obj.family {
@@ -131,7 +133,7 @@ impl<'a> Compiler<'a> {
 
       if all_targets.len() == 1 {
         let mut bypass_schema = crate::database::schema::Schema::default();
-        bypass_schema.obj.r#ref = Some(all_targets[0].clone());
+        bypass_schema.obj.type_ = Some(crate::database::schema::SchemaTypeOrArray::Single(all_targets[0].clone()));
         let mut bypass_node = node.clone();
         bypass_node.schema = std::sync::Arc::new(bypass_schema);
         return self.compile_node(bypass_node);
@@ -141,7 +143,7 @@ impl<'a> Compiler<'a> {
       let mut family_schemas = Vec::new();
       for variation in &all_targets {
         let mut ref_schema = crate::database::schema::Schema::default();
-        ref_schema.obj.r#ref = Some(variation.clone());
+        ref_schema.obj.type_ = Some(crate::database::schema::SchemaTypeOrArray::Single(variation.clone()));
         family_schemas.push(std::sync::Arc::new(ref_schema));
       }
 
@@ -416,7 +418,14 @@ impl<'a> Compiler<'a> {
         _ => false,
       };
 
-      let is_primitive = prop_schema.obj.r#ref.is_none()
+      let is_custom_object_pointer = match &prop_schema.obj.type_ {
+        Some(crate::database::schema::SchemaTypeOrArray::Single(s)) => {
+          !crate::database::schema::is_primitive_type(s)
+        }
+        _ => false,
+      };
+
+      let is_primitive = !is_custom_object_pointer
         && !is_object_or_array
         && prop_schema.obj.family.is_none()
         && prop_schema.obj.one_of.is_none();

src/tests/mod.rs

@@ -42,19 +42,21 @@ fn test_library_api() {
       "types": [
           {
               "name": "source_schema",
+              "variations": ["source_schema"],
               "hierarchy": ["source_schema", "entity"],
               "schemas": [{
                   "$id": "source_schema",
                   "type": "object",
                   "properties": {
                       "name": { "type": "string" },
-                      "target": { "$ref": "target_schema" }
+                      "target": { "type": "target_schema" }
                   },
                   "required": ["name"]
               }]
           },
           {
               "name": "target_schema",
+              "variations": ["target_schema"],
               "hierarchy": ["target_schema", "entity"],
               "schemas": [{
                   "$id": "target_schema",
@@ -89,7 +91,7 @@ fn test_library_api() {
                 "properties": {
                     "name": { "type": "string" },
                     "target": {
-                        "$ref": "target_schema",
+                        "type": "target_schema",
                         "compiledProperties": ["value"]
                     }
                 },
@@ -115,7 +117,7 @@ fn test_library_api() {
   );
 
   // 4. Validate Happy Path
-  let happy_drop = jspg_validate("source_schema", JsonB(json!({"name": "Neo"})));
+  let happy_drop = jspg_validate("source_schema", JsonB(json!({"type": "source_schema", "name": "Neo"})));
   assert_eq!(
     happy_drop.0,
     json!({
@@ -125,7 +127,7 @@ fn test_library_api() {
   );
 
   // 5. Validate Unhappy Path
-  let unhappy_drop = jspg_validate("source_schema", JsonB(json!({"wrong": "data"})));
+  let unhappy_drop = jspg_validate("source_schema", JsonB(json!({"type": "source_schema", "wrong": "data"})));
   assert_eq!(
     unhappy_drop.0,
     json!({

src/tests/types/expect/drop.rs

@@ -19,6 +19,16 @@ impl Expect {
           .map(|e| serde_json::to_value(e).unwrap())
           .collect();
 
+        if expected_errors.len() != actual_values.len() {
+          return Err(format!(
+            "Expected {} errors, but got {}.\nExpected subset: {:?}\nActual full errors: {:?}",
+            expected_errors.len(),
+            actual_values.len(),
+            expected_errors,
+            drop.errors
+          ));
+        }
+
         for (i, expected_val) in expected_errors.iter().enumerate() {
           let mut matched = false;
           

src/validator/rules/cases.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+use crate::validator::context::ValidationContext;
+use crate::validator::error::ValidationError;
+use crate::validator::result::ValidationResult;
+
+impl<'a> ValidationContext<'a> {
+  pub(crate) fn validate_cases(
+    &self,
+    result: &mut ValidationResult,
+  ) -> Result<bool, ValidationError> {
+    if let Some(cases) = &self.schema.cases {
+      for case in cases {
+        if let Some(ref when_schema) = case.when {
+          let derived_when = self.derive_for_schema(when_schema, true);
+          let when_res = derived_when.validate()?;
+
+          // Evaluates all cases independently.
+          if when_res.is_valid() {
+            result
+              .evaluated_keys
+              .extend(when_res.evaluated_keys.clone());
+            result
+              .evaluated_indices
+              .extend(when_res.evaluated_indices.clone());
+
+            if let Some(ref then_schema) = case.then {
+              let derived_then = self.derive_for_schema(then_schema, true);
+              result.merge(derived_then.validate()?);
+            }
+          } else {
+            if let Some(ref else_schema) = case.else_ {
+              let derived_else = self.derive_for_schema(else_schema, true);
+              result.merge(derived_else.validate()?);
+            }
+          }
+        } else if let Some(ref else_schema) = case.else_ {
+          // A rule with a missing `when` fires the `else` indiscriminately
+          let derived_else = self.derive_for_schema(else_schema, true);
+          result.merge(derived_else.validate()?);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    Ok(true)
+  }
+}

src/validator/rules/combinators.rs

@@ -1,92 +0,0 @@
-use crate::validator::context::ValidationContext;
-use crate::validator::error::ValidationError;
-use crate::validator::result::ValidationResult;
-
-impl<'a> ValidationContext<'a> {
-  pub(crate) fn validate_combinators(
-    &self,
-    result: &mut ValidationResult,
-  ) -> Result<bool, ValidationError> {
-    if let Some(ref all_of) = self.schema.all_of {
-      for sub in all_of {
-        let derived = self.derive_for_schema(sub, true);
-        let res = derived.validate()?;
-        result.merge(res);
-      }
-    }
-
-    if let Some(ref one_of) = self.schema.one_of {
-      let mut passed_candidates: Vec<(Option<String>, usize, ValidationResult)> = Vec::new();
-
-      for sub in one_of {
-        let derived = self.derive_for_schema(sub, true);
-        let sub_res = derived.validate()?;
-        if sub_res.is_valid() {
-          let child_id = sub.id.clone();
-          let depth = child_id
-            .as_ref()
-            .and_then(|id| self.db.depths.get(id).copied())
-            .unwrap_or(0);
-          passed_candidates.push((child_id, depth, sub_res));
-        }
-      }
-
-      if passed_candidates.len() == 1 {
-        result.merge(passed_candidates.pop().unwrap().2);
-      } else if passed_candidates.is_empty() {
-        result.errors.push(ValidationError {
-          code: "NO_ONEOF_MATCH".to_string(),
-          message: "Matches none of oneOf schemas".to_string(),
-          path: self.path.to_string(),
-        });
-      } else {
-        // Apply depth heuristic tie-breaker
-        let mut best_depth: Option<usize> = None;
-        let mut ambiguous = false;
-        let mut best_res = None;
-
-        for (_, depth, res) in passed_candidates.into_iter() {
-          if let Some(current_best) = best_depth {
-            if depth > current_best {
-              best_depth = Some(depth);
-              best_res = Some(res);
-              ambiguous = false;
-            } else if depth == current_best {
-              ambiguous = true;
-            }
-          } else {
-            best_depth = Some(depth);
-            best_res = Some(res);
-          }
-        }
-
-        if !ambiguous {
-          if let Some(res) = best_res {
-            result.merge(res);
-            return Ok(true);
-          }
-        }
-
-        result.errors.push(ValidationError {
-          code: "AMBIGUOUS_ONEOF_MATCH".to_string(),
-          message: "Matches multiple oneOf schemas without a clear depth winner".to_string(),
-          path: self.path.to_string(),
-        });
-      }
-    }
-
-    if let Some(ref not_schema) = self.schema.not {
-      let derived = self.derive_for_schema(not_schema, true);
-      let sub_res = derived.validate()?;
-      if sub_res.is_valid() {
-        result.errors.push(ValidationError {
-          code: "NOT_VIOLATED".to_string(),
-          message: "Matched 'not' schema".to_string(),
-          path: self.path.to_string(),
-        });
-      }
-    }
-
-    Ok(true)
-  }
-}

src/validator/rules/extensible.rs

@@ -3,30 +3,14 @@ use crate::validator::error::ValidationError;
 use crate::validator::result::ValidationResult;
 
 impl<'a> ValidationContext<'a> {
-  pub(crate) fn validate_conditionals(
-    &self,
-    result: &mut ValidationResult,
-  ) -> Result<bool, ValidationError> {
-    if let Some(ref if_schema) = self.schema.if_ {
-      let derived_if = self.derive_for_schema(if_schema, true);
-      let if_res = derived_if.validate()?;
-
-      result.evaluated_keys.extend(if_res.evaluated_keys.clone());
-      result
-        .evaluated_indices
-        .extend(if_res.evaluated_indices.clone());
-
-      if if_res.is_valid() {
-        if let Some(ref then_schema) = self.schema.then_ {
-          let derived_then = self.derive_for_schema(then_schema, true);
-          result.merge(derived_then.validate()?);
-        }
-      } else if let Some(ref else_schema) = self.schema.else_ {
-        let derived_else = self.derive_for_schema(else_schema, true);
-        result.merge(derived_else.validate()?);
+  pub(crate) fn validate_extensible(&self, result: &mut ValidationResult) -> Result<bool, ValidationError> {
+    if self.extensible {
+      if let Some(obj) = self.instance.as_object() {
+        result.evaluated_keys.extend(obj.keys().cloned());
+      } else if let Some(arr) = self.instance.as_array() {
+        result.evaluated_indices.extend(0..arr.len());
       }
     }
-
     Ok(true)
   }
 
@@ -40,6 +24,9 @@ impl<'a> ValidationContext<'a> {
 
     if let Some(obj) = self.instance.as_object() {
       for key in obj.keys() {
+        if key == "type" || key == "kind" {
+          continue; // Reserved keywords implicitly allowed
+        }
         if !result.evaluated_keys.contains(key) && !self.overrides.contains(key) {
           result.errors.push(ValidationError {
             code: "STRICT_PROPERTY_VIOLATION".to_string(),

src/validator/rules/mod.rs

@@ -3,10 +3,11 @@ use crate::validator::error::ValidationError;
 use crate::validator::result::ValidationResult;
 
 pub mod array;
-pub mod combinators;
-pub mod conditionals;
+pub mod cases;
 pub mod core;
+pub mod extensible;
 pub mod format;
+pub mod not;
 pub mod numeric;
 pub mod object;
 pub mod polymorphism;
@@ -27,7 +28,7 @@ impl<'a> ValidationContext<'a> {
     if !self.validate_family(&mut result)? {
       return Ok(result);
     }
-    if !self.validate_refs(&mut result)? {
+    if !self.validate_type_inheritance(&mut result)? {
       return Ok(result);
     }
 
@@ -42,8 +43,11 @@ impl<'a> ValidationContext<'a> {
     self.validate_array(&mut result)?;
 
     // Multipliers & Conditionals
-    self.validate_combinators(&mut result)?;
-    self.validate_conditionals(&mut result)?;
+    if !self.validate_one_of(&mut result)? {
+      return Ok(result);
+    }
+    self.validate_not(&mut result)?;
+    self.validate_cases(&mut result)?;
 
     // State Tracking
     self.validate_extensible(&mut result)?;
@@ -77,15 +81,4 @@ impl<'a> ValidationContext<'a> {
       Ok(true)
     }
   }
-
-  fn validate_extensible(&self, result: &mut ValidationResult) -> Result<bool, ValidationError> {
-    if self.extensible {
-      if let Some(obj) = self.instance.as_object() {
-        result.evaluated_keys.extend(obj.keys().cloned());
-      } else if let Some(arr) = self.instance.as_array() {
-        result.evaluated_indices.extend(0..arr.len());
-      }
-    }
-    Ok(true)
-  }
 }

src/validator/rules/not.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+use crate::validator::context::ValidationContext;
+use crate::validator::error::ValidationError;
+use crate::validator::result::ValidationResult;
+
+impl<'a> ValidationContext<'a> {
+  pub(crate) fn validate_not(
+    &self,
+    result: &mut ValidationResult,
+  ) -> Result<bool, ValidationError> {
+    if let Some(ref not_schema) = self.schema.not {
+      let derived = self.derive_for_schema(not_schema, true);
+      let sub_res = derived.validate()?;
+      if sub_res.is_valid() {
+        result.errors.push(ValidationError {
+          code: "NOT_VIOLATED".to_string(),
+          message: "Matched 'not' schema".to_string(),
+          path: self.path.to_string(),
+        });
+      }
+    }
+
+    Ok(true)
+  }
+}

src/validator/rules/object.rs

@@ -15,32 +15,68 @@ impl<'a> ValidationContext<'a> {
     if let Some(obj) = current.as_object() {
       // Entity implicit type validation
       if let Some(schema_identifier) = self.schema.identifier() {
-        // Kick in if the data object has a type field
-        if let Some(type_val) = obj.get("type")
-          && let Some(type_str) = type_val.as_str()
-        {
-          // Check if the identifier is a global type name
-          if let Some(type_def) = self.db.types.get(&schema_identifier) {
-            // Ensure the instance type is a variation of the global type
-            if type_def.variations.contains(type_str) {
-              // Ensure it passes strict mode
-              result.evaluated_keys.insert("type".to_string());
-            } else {
-              result.errors.push(ValidationError {
-                code: "CONST_VIOLATED".to_string(), // Aligning with original const override errors
-                message: format!(
-                  "Type '{}' is not a valid descendant for this entity bound schema",
-                  type_str
-                ),
-                path: self.join_path("type"),
-              });
+        // We decompose identity string routing inherently
+        let expected_type = schema_identifier.split('.').last().unwrap_or(&schema_identifier);
+        
+        // Check if the identifier represents a registered global database entity boundary mathematically
+        if let Some(type_def) = self.db.types.get(expected_type) {
+          if let Some(type_val) = obj.get("type") {
+            if let Some(type_str) = type_val.as_str() {
+              if type_def.variations.contains(type_str) {
+                // The instance is validly declaring a known structural descent
+                result.evaluated_keys.insert("type".to_string());
+              } else {
+                result.errors.push(ValidationError {
+                  code: "CONST_VIOLATED".to_string(), // Aligning with original const override errors natively
+                  message: format!(
+                    "Type '{}' is not a valid descendant for this entity bound schema",
+                    type_str
+                  ),
+                  path: self.join_path("type"),
+                });
+              }
             }
           } else {
-            // Ad-Hoc schemas natively use strict schema discriminator strings instead of variation inheritance
-            if type_str == schema_identifier.as_str() {
-              result.evaluated_keys.insert("type".to_string());
+            // Because it's a global entity target, the payload must structurally provide a discriminator natively
+            result.errors.push(ValidationError {
+              code: "MISSING_TYPE".to_string(),
+              message: format!("Schema mechanically requires type discrimination '{}'", expected_type),
+              path: self.path.clone(), // Empty boundary
+            });
+          }
+
+          // If the target mathematically declares a horizontal structural STI variation natively
+          if schema_identifier.contains('.') {
+            if obj.get("kind").is_none() {
+              result.errors.push(ValidationError {
+                code: "MISSING_KIND".to_string(),
+                message: "Schema mechanically requires horizontal kind discrimination".to_string(),
+                path: self.path.clone(),
+              });
+            } else {
+              result.evaluated_keys.insert("kind".to_string());
             }
           }
+        } else {
+          // If it isn't registered globally, it might be a nested Ad-Hoc candidate running via O(1) union routers.
+          // Because they lack manual type property descriptors, we natively shield "type" and "kind" keys from
+          // triggering additionalProperty violations natively IF they precisely correspond to their fast-path boundaries
+          if let Some(type_val) = obj.get("type") {
+             if let Some(type_str) = type_val.as_str() {
+                if type_str == expected_type {
+                   result.evaluated_keys.insert("type".to_string());
+                }
+             }
+          }
+          if let Some(kind_val) = obj.get("kind") {
+             if let Some((kind_str, _)) = schema_identifier.rsplit_once('.') {
+                if let Some(actual_kind) = kind_val.as_str() {
+                   if actual_kind == kind_str {
+                      result.evaluated_keys.insert("kind".to_string());
+                   }
+                }
+             }
+          }
         }
       }
 
@@ -67,11 +103,19 @@ impl<'a> ValidationContext<'a> {
       if let Some(ref req) = self.schema.required {
         for field in req {
           if !obj.contains_key(field) {
-            result.errors.push(ValidationError {
-              code: "REQUIRED_FIELD_MISSING".to_string(),
-              message: format!("Missing {}", field),
-              path: self.join_path(field),
-            });
+            if field == "type" {
+              result.errors.push(ValidationError {
+                code: "MISSING_TYPE".to_string(),
+                message: "Missing type discriminator".to_string(),
+                path: self.join_path(field),
+              });
+            } else {
+              result.errors.push(ValidationError {
+                code: "REQUIRED_FIELD_MISSING".to_string(),
+                message: format!("Missing {}", field),
+                path: self.join_path(field),
+              });
+            }
           }
         }
       }
@@ -110,7 +154,10 @@ impl<'a> ValidationContext<'a> {
 
           if let Some(child_instance) = obj.get(key) {
             let new_path = self.join_path(key);
-            let is_ref = sub_schema.r#ref.is_some();
+            let is_ref = match &sub_schema.type_ {
+              Some(crate::database::schema::SchemaTypeOrArray::Single(t)) => !crate::database::schema::is_primitive_type(t),
+              _ => false,
+            };
             let next_extensible = if is_ref { false } else { self.extensible };
 
             let derived = self.derive(
@@ -121,21 +168,9 @@ impl<'a> ValidationContext<'a> {
               next_extensible,
               false,
             );
-            let mut item_res = derived.validate()?;
+            let item_res = derived.validate()?;
+
 
-            // Entity Bound Implicit Type Interception
-            if key == "type"
-              && let Some(schema_bound) = sub_schema.identifier()
-            {
-              if let Some(type_def) = self.db.types.get(&schema_bound)
-                && let Some(instance_type) = child_instance.as_str()
-                && type_def.variations.contains(instance_type)
-              {
-                item_res
-                  .errors
-                  .retain(|e| e.code != "CONST_VIOLATED" && e.code != "ENUM_VIOLATED");
-              }
-            }
 
             result.merge(item_res);
             result.evaluated_keys.insert(key.to_string());
@@ -148,7 +183,10 @@ impl<'a> ValidationContext<'a> {
           for (key, child_instance) in obj {
             if compiled_re.0.is_match(key) {
               let new_path = self.join_path(key);
-              let is_ref = sub_schema.r#ref.is_some();
+              let is_ref = match &sub_schema.type_ {
+                Some(crate::database::schema::SchemaTypeOrArray::Single(t)) => !crate::database::schema::is_primitive_type(t),
+                _ => false,
+              };
               let next_extensible = if is_ref { false } else { self.extensible };
 
               let derived = self.derive(
@@ -187,7 +225,10 @@ impl<'a> ValidationContext<'a> {
 
           if !locally_matched {
             let new_path = self.join_path(key);
-            let is_ref = additional_schema.r#ref.is_some();
+            let is_ref = match &additional_schema.type_ {
+              Some(crate::database::schema::SchemaTypeOrArray::Single(t)) => !crate::database::schema::is_primitive_type(t),
+              _ => false,
+            };
             let next_extensible = if is_ref { false } else { self.extensible };
 
             let derived = self.derive(

src/validator/rules/polymorphism.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use crate::database::schema::Schema;
 use crate::validator::context::ValidationContext;
 use crate::validator::error::ValidationError;
 use crate::validator::result::ValidationResult;
@@ -13,9 +14,8 @@ impl<'a> ValidationContext<'a> {
         || self.schema.required.is_some()
         || self.schema.additional_properties.is_some()
         || self.schema.items.is_some()
-        || self.schema.r#ref.is_some()
+        || self.schema.cases.is_some()
         || self.schema.one_of.is_some()
-        || self.schema.all_of.is_some()
         || self.schema.enum_.is_some()
         || self.schema.const_.is_some();
 
@@ -25,102 +25,325 @@ impl<'a> ValidationContext<'a> {
           message: "$family must be used exclusively without other constraints".to_string(),
           path: self.path.to_string(),
         });
-        // Short-circuit: the schema formulation is broken
         return Ok(false);
       }
     }
 
     if let Some(family_target) = &self.schema.family {
       if let Some(descendants) = self.db.descendants.get(family_target) {
-        // Validate against all descendants simulating strict oneOf logic
-        let mut passed_candidates: Vec<(String, usize, ValidationResult)> = Vec::new();
-
-        // The target itself is also an implicitly valid candidate
-        let mut all_targets = vec![family_target.clone()];
-        all_targets.extend(descendants.clone());
-
-        for child_id in &all_targets {
-          if let Some(child_schema) = self.db.schemas.get(child_id) {
-            let derived = self.derive(
-              child_schema,
-              self.instance,
-              &self.path,
-              self.overrides.clone(),
-              self.extensible,
-              self.reporter, // Inherit parent reporter flag, do not bypass strictness!
-            );
-
-            // Explicitly run validate_scoped to accurately test candidates with strictness checks enabled
-            let res = derived.validate_scoped()?;
-
-            if res.is_valid() {
-              let depth = self.db.depths.get(child_id).copied().unwrap_or(0);
-              passed_candidates.push((child_id.clone(), depth, res));
-            }
-          }
+        let mut candidates = Vec::new();
+        
+        // Add the target base schema itself
+        if let Some(base_schema) = self.db.schemas.get(family_target) {
+            candidates.push(base_schema);
         }
 
-        if passed_candidates.len() == 1 {
-          result.merge(passed_candidates.pop().unwrap().2);
-        } else if passed_candidates.is_empty() {
-          result.errors.push(ValidationError {
-            code: "NO_FAMILY_MATCH".to_string(),
-            message: format!(
-              "Payload did not match any descendants of family '{}'",
-              family_target
-            ),
-            path: self.path.to_string(),
-          });
-        } else {
-          // Apply depth heuristic tie-breaker
-          let mut best_depth: Option<usize> = None;
-          let mut ambiguous = false;
-          let mut best_res = None;
-
-          for (_, depth, res) in passed_candidates.into_iter() {
-            if let Some(current_best) = best_depth {
-              if depth > current_best {
-                best_depth = Some(depth);
-                best_res = Some(res);
-                ambiguous = false; // Broke the tie
-              } else if depth == current_best {
-                ambiguous = true; // Tie at the highest level
-              }
-            } else {
-              best_depth = Some(depth);
-              best_res = Some(res);
-            }
+        // Add all descendants
+        for child_id in descendants {
+          if let Some(child_schema) = self.db.schemas.get(child_id) {
+            candidates.push(child_schema);
           }
+        }
+        
+        // Use prefix from family string (e.g. `light.`)
+        let prefix = family_target
+          .rsplit_once('.')
+          .map(|(p, _)| format!("{}.", p))
+          .unwrap_or_default();
 
-          if !ambiguous {
-            if let Some(res) = best_res {
-              result.merge(res);
-              return Ok(true);
-            }
-          }
-
-          result.errors.push(ValidationError {
-            code: "AMBIGUOUS_FAMILY_MATCH".to_string(),
-            message: format!(
-              "Payload matched multiple descendants of family '{}' without a clear depth winner",
-              family_target
-            ),
-            path: self.path.to_string(),
-          });
+        if !self.validate_polymorph(&candidates, Some(&prefix), result)? {
+          return Ok(false);
         }
       }
     }
 
     Ok(true)
   }
-
-  pub(crate) fn validate_refs(
+  
+  pub(crate) fn validate_one_of(
     &self,
     result: &mut ValidationResult,
   ) -> Result<bool, ValidationError> {
-    // 1. Core $ref logic relies on the fast O(1) map to allow cycles and proper nesting
-    if let Some(ref_str) = &self.schema.r#ref {
-      if let Some(global_schema) = self.db.schemas.get(ref_str) {
+    if let Some(ref one_of) = self.schema.one_of {
+      let mut candidates = Vec::new();
+      for schema in one_of {
+        candidates.push(schema.as_ref());
+      }
+      if !self.validate_polymorph(&candidates, None, result)? {
+        return Ok(false);
+      }
+    }
+    Ok(true)
+  }
+
+  pub(crate) fn validate_polymorph(
+    &self,
+    candidates: &[&Schema],
+    family_prefix: Option<&str>,
+    result: &mut ValidationResult,
+  ) -> Result<bool, ValidationError> {
+    let mut passed_candidates: Vec<(Option<String>, ValidationResult)> = Vec::new();
+    let mut failed_candidates: Vec<ValidationResult> = Vec::new();
+
+    // 1. O(1) Fast-Path Router & Extractor
+    let instance_type = self.instance.as_object().and_then(|o| o.get("type")).and_then(|t| t.as_str());
+    let instance_kind = self.instance.as_object().and_then(|o| o.get("kind")).and_then(|k| k.as_str());
+
+    let mut viable_candidates = Vec::new();
+
+    for sub in candidates {
+      let _child_id = sub.identifier().unwrap_or_default();
+      let mut can_match = true;
+
+      if let Some(t) = instance_type {
+        // Fast Path 1: Pure Ad-Hoc Match (schema identifier == type)
+        // If it matches exactly, it's our golden candidate. Make all others non-viable manually?
+        // Wait, we loop through all and filter down. If exact match is found, we should ideally break and use ONLY that.
+        // Let's implement the logic safely.
+        
+        let mut exact_match_found = false;
+        
+        if let Some(schema_id) = &sub.id {
+            // Compute Vertical Exact Target (e.g. "person" or "light.person")
+            let exact_target = if let Some(prefix) = family_prefix {
+                format!("{}{}", prefix, t)
+            } else {
+                t.to_string()
+            };
+
+            // Fast Path 1 & 2: Vertical Exact Match
+            if schema_id == &exact_target {
+                if instance_kind.is_none() {
+                    exact_match_found = true;
+                }
+            }
+            
+            // Fast Path 3: Horizontal Sibling Match (kind + . + type)
+            if let Some(k) = instance_kind {
+                let sibling_target = format!("{}.{}", k, t);
+                if schema_id == &sibling_target {
+                    exact_match_found = true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if exact_match_found {
+            // We found an exact literal structural identity match!
+            // Wipe the existing viable_candidates and only yield this guy!
+            viable_candidates.clear();
+            viable_candidates.push(*sub);
+            break; 
+        }
+
+        // Fast Path 4: Vertical Inheritance Fallback (Physical DB constraint)
+        if let Some(crate::database::schema::SchemaTypeOrArray::Single(t_ptr)) = &sub.type_ {
+          if !crate::database::schema::is_primitive_type(t_ptr) {
+            if let Some(base_type) = t_ptr.split('.').last() {
+              if let Some(type_def) = self.db.types.get(base_type) {
+                if !type_def.variations.contains(&t.to_string()) {
+                  can_match = false;
+                }
+              } else {
+                if t_ptr != t {
+                  can_match = false;
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+
+        // Fast Path 5: Explicit Schema JSON `const` values check
+        if can_match {
+          if let Some(props) = &sub.properties {
+            if let Some(type_prop) = props.get("type") {
+              if let Some(const_val) = &type_prop.const_ {
+                if let Some(const_str) = const_val.as_str() {
+                  if const_str != t {
+                    can_match = false;
+                  }
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      if can_match {
+        viable_candidates.push(*sub);
+      }
+    }
+
+    println!("DEBUG VIABLE: {:?}", viable_candidates.iter().map(|s| s.id.clone()).collect::<Vec<_>>());
+    // 2. Evaluate Viable Candidates
+    // 2. Evaluate Viable Candidates
+    // Composition validation is natively handled directly via type compilation.
+    // The deprecated allOf JSON structure is no longer supported nor traversed.
+    for sub in viable_candidates.clone() {
+      let derived = self.derive_for_schema(sub, false);
+      let sub_res = derived.validate()?; 
+      if sub_res.is_valid() {
+        passed_candidates.push((sub.id.clone(), sub_res));
+      } else {
+        failed_candidates.push(sub_res);
+      }
+    }
+    for f in &failed_candidates {
+        println!("  - Failed candidate errors: {:?}", f.errors.iter().map(|e| e.code.clone()).collect::<Vec<_>>());
+    }
+
+    if passed_candidates.len() == 1 {
+      result.merge(passed_candidates.pop().unwrap().1);
+    } else if passed_candidates.is_empty() {
+      // 3. Discriminator Pathing (Failure Analytics)
+      let type_path = self.join_path("type");
+
+      if instance_type.is_some() {
+        // Filter to candidates that didn't explicitly throw a CONST violation on `type`
+        let mut genuinely_failed = Vec::new();
+        for res in &failed_candidates {
+          let rejected_type = res.errors.iter().any(|e| {
+            (e.code == "CONST_VIOLATED" || e.code == "ENUM_VIOLATED") && e.path == type_path
+          });
+          if !rejected_type {
+            genuinely_failed.push(res.clone());
+          }
+        }
+
+        println!("DEBUG genuinely_failed len: {}", genuinely_failed.len());
+
+        if genuinely_failed.len() == 1 {
+          // Golden Type Match (1 candidate was structurally possible but failed property validation)
+          let sub_res = genuinely_failed.pop().unwrap();
+          result.errors.extend(sub_res.errors);
+          result.evaluated_keys.extend(sub_res.evaluated_keys);
+          return Ok(false);
+        } else {
+          // Pure Ad-Hoc Union
+          result.errors.push(ValidationError {
+            code: if self.schema.family.is_some() { "NO_FAMILY_MATCH".to_string() } else { "NO_ONEOF_MATCH".to_string() },
+            message: "Payload matches none of the required candidate sub-schemas".to_string(),
+            path: self.path.to_string(),
+          });
+
+          for sub_res in &failed_candidates {
+            result.evaluated_keys.extend(sub_res.evaluated_keys.clone());
+          }
+          println!("DEBUG ELSE NO_FAMILY_MATCH RUNNING. Genuinely Failed len: {}", genuinely_failed.len());
+          if viable_candidates.is_empty() {
+            if let Some(obj) = self.instance.as_object() {
+              result.evaluated_keys.extend(obj.keys().cloned());
+            }
+          }
+          for sub_res in genuinely_failed {
+            for e in sub_res.errors {
+              if !result.errors.iter().any(|existing| existing.code == e.code && existing.path == e.path) {
+                result.errors.push(e);
+              }
+            }
+          }
+          return Ok(false);
+        }
+      } else {
+        // Instance missing type
+        // Instance missing type
+        let expects_type = viable_candidates.iter().any(|c| {
+          c.compiled_property_names.get().map_or(false, |props| props.contains(&"type".to_string()))
+        });
+
+        if expects_type {
+          result.errors.push(ValidationError {
+            code: "MISSING_TYPE".to_string(),
+            message: "Missing type discriminator. Unable to resolve polymorphic boundaries".to_string(),
+            path: self.path.to_string(),
+          });
+
+          for sub_res in failed_candidates {
+            result.evaluated_keys.extend(sub_res.evaluated_keys);
+          }
+          return Ok(false);
+        } else {
+          // Pure Ad-Hoc Union
+          result.errors.push(ValidationError {
+            code: if self.schema.family.is_some() { "NO_FAMILY_MATCH".to_string() } else { "NO_ONEOF_MATCH".to_string() },
+            message: "Payload matches none of the required candidate sub-schemas".to_string(),
+            path: self.path.to_string(),
+          });
+
+          if let Some(first) = failed_candidates.first() {
+            let mut shared_errors = first.errors.clone();
+            for sub_res in failed_candidates.iter().skip(1) {
+              shared_errors.retain(|e1| {
+                 sub_res.errors.iter().any(|e2| e1.code == e2.code && e1.path == e2.path)
+              });
+            }
+            for e in shared_errors {
+              if !result.errors.iter().any(|existing| existing.code == e.code && existing.path == e.path) {
+                result.errors.push(e);
+              }
+            }
+          }
+
+          for sub_res in failed_candidates {
+            result.evaluated_keys.extend(sub_res.evaluated_keys);
+          }
+          return Ok(false);
+        }
+
+      }
+    } else {
+      result.errors.push(ValidationError {
+        code: "AMBIGUOUS_POLYMORPHIC_MATCH".to_string(),
+        message: "Matches multiple polymorphic candidates inextricably".to_string(),
+        path: self.path.to_string(),
+      });
+    }
+
+    Ok(true)
+  }
+
+  pub(crate) fn validate_type_inheritance(
+    &self,
+    result: &mut ValidationResult,
+  ) -> Result<bool, ValidationError> {
+    // Core inheritance logic replaces legacy routing
+    let payload_primitive = match self.instance {
+      serde_json::Value::Null => "null",
+      serde_json::Value::Bool(_) => "boolean",
+      serde_json::Value::Number(n) => {
+        if n.is_i64() || n.is_u64() {
+          "integer"
+        } else {
+          "number"
+        }
+      }
+      serde_json::Value::String(_) => "string",
+      serde_json::Value::Array(_) => "array",
+      serde_json::Value::Object(_) => "object",
+    };
+
+    let mut custom_types = Vec::new();
+    match &self.schema.type_ {
+      Some(crate::database::schema::SchemaTypeOrArray::Single(t)) => {
+        if !crate::database::schema::is_primitive_type(t) {
+          custom_types.push(t.clone());
+        }
+      }
+      Some(crate::database::schema::SchemaTypeOrArray::Multiple(arr)) => {
+        if arr.contains(&payload_primitive.to_string()) || (payload_primitive == "integer" && arr.contains(&"number".to_string())) {
+           // It natively matched a primitive in the array options, skip forcing custom proxy fallback
+        } else {
+           for t in arr {
+             if !crate::database::schema::is_primitive_type(t) {
+               custom_types.push(t.clone());
+             }
+           }
+        }
+      }
+      None => {}
+    }
+
+    for t in custom_types {
+      if let Some(global_schema) = self.db.schemas.get(&t) {
         let mut new_overrides = self.overrides.clone();
         if let Some(props) = &self.schema.properties {
           new_overrides.extend(props.keys().map(|k| k.to_string()));
@@ -132,16 +355,16 @@ impl<'a> ValidationContext<'a> {
           &self.path,
           new_overrides,
           self.extensible,
-          true,
+          true, // Reporter mode
         );
         shadow.root = global_schema;
         result.merge(shadow.validate()?);
       } else {
         result.errors.push(ValidationError {
-          code: "REF_RESOLUTION_FAILED".to_string(),
+          code: "INHERITANCE_RESOLUTION_FAILED".to_string(),
           message: format!(
-            "Reference pointer to '{}' was not found in schema registry",
-            ref_str
+            "Inherited entity pointer '{}' was not found in schema registry",
+            t
           ),
           path: self.path.to_string(),
         });

version

@@ -1 +1 @@
-1.0.104
+1.0.109