version: 1.0.62

.agent/workflows/jspg.md

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+---
+description: jspg work preparation
+---
+
+This workflow will get you up-to-speed on the JSPG custom json-schema-based cargo pgrx postgres validation extension. Everything you read will be in the jspg directory/project.
+
+Read over this entire workflow and commit to every section of work in a task list, so that you don't stop half way through before reviewing all of the directories and files mentioned. Do not ask for confirmation after generating this task list and proceed through all sections in your list.
+
+Please analyze the files and directories and do not use cat, find, or the terminal to discover or read in any of these files. Analyze every file mentioned. If a directory is mentioned or a /*, please analyze the directory, every single file at its root, and recursively analyze every subdirectory and every single file in every subdirectory to capture not just critical files, but the entirety of what is requested. I state again, DO NOT just review a cherry picking of files in any folder or wildcard specified. Review 100% of all files discovered recursively!
+
+Section 1: Various Documentation
+
+- GEMINI.md at the root (JSPG doc)
+- api/punc/GEMINI.md
+- api/punc/generator/GEMINI.md
+
+Section 2: Flow file for cmd interface
+
+- flow at the root
+
+Section 3: Source
+
+- src/*
+
+Section 4: Test Fixtures
+
+Just review some of the *.json files in fixtures/ at the root
+
+- fixtures/allOf.json
+- fixtures/ref.json
+- fixtures/contains.json
+- fixtures/queryer.json
+- fixtures/merger.json
+- fixtures/merge.json
+
+Section 5: Build
+
+- build.rs
+
+Section 6: Cargo TOML
+
+- Cargo.toml
+
+Section 7: Some PUNC Syntax
+
+Now, review some punc type and enum source in the api project with api/ these files:
+
+- api/punc/sql/tables.sql
+- api/punc/sql/domains.sql
+- api/punc/sql/indexes.sql
+- api/punc/sql/functions/entity.sql
+- api/punc/sql/functions/puncs.sql
+- api/punc/sql/puncs/entity.sql
+- api/punc/sql/puncs/persons.sql
+- api/punc/sql/puncs/puncs.sql
+- api/punc/sql/puncs/job.sql
+- api/contact/sql/tables.sql
+- api/contact/sql/domains.sql
+- api/contact/sql/indexes.sql
+- api/contact/sql/domains.sql
+- api/contact/sql/puncs/contacts.sql
+
+Now you are ready to help me work on this extension.

.gitignore

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
 /target
 /package
-.env
+.env
+/src/tests.rs
+/pgrx-develop

.gitmodules

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
 [submodule "flows"]
 	path = flows
 	url = git@gitea-ssh.thoughtpatterns.ai:cellular/flows.git
+[submodule "tests/fixtures/JSON-Schema-Test-Suite"]
+	path = tests/fixtures/JSON-Schema-Test-Suite
+	url = git@github.com:json-schema-org/JSON-Schema-Test-Suite.git

Cargo.toml

@@ -1,9 +1,3 @@
-[workspace]
-members = [
-    ".",
-    "validator",
-]
-
 [package]
 name = "jspg"
 version = "0.1.0"
@@ -11,14 +5,32 @@ edition = "2024"
 
 [dependencies]
 pgrx = "0.16.1"
-serde = { version = "1.0", features = ["derive"] }
-serde_json = "1.0"
+serde = { version = "1.0.228", features = ["derive", "rc"] }
+serde_json = "1.0.149"
 lazy_static = "1.5.0"
-boon = { path = "validator" }
+once_cell = "1.21.3"
+ahash = "0.8.12"
+regex = "1.12.3"
+regex-syntax = "0.8.9"
+url = "2.5.8"
+fluent-uri = "0.3.2"
+idna = "1.1.0"
+percent-encoding = "2.3.2"
+uuid = { version = "1.20.0", features = ["v4", "serde"] }
+chrono = { version = "0.4.43", features = ["serde"] }
+json-pointer = "0.3.4"
+indexmap = { version = "2.13.0", features = ["serde"] }
+moka = { version = "0.12.14", features = ["sync"] }
+xxhash-rust = { version = "0.8.15", features = ["xxh64"] }
+dashmap = "6.1.0"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 pgrx-tests = "0.16.1"
 
+[build-dependencies]
+serde = { version = "1.0.228", features = ["derive"] }
+serde_json = "1.0.149"
+
 [lib]
 crate-type = ["cdylib", "lib"]
 
@@ -27,7 +39,8 @@ name = "pgrx_embed_jspg"
 path = "src/bin/pgrx_embed.rs"
 
 [features]
-pg17 = ["pgrx/pg17", "pgrx-tests/pg17" ]
+default = ["pg18"]
+pg18 = ["pgrx/pg18", "pgrx-tests/pg18" ]
 # Local feature flag used by `cargo pgrx test`
 pg_test = []
 
@@ -39,4 +52,7 @@ lto = "thin"
 panic = "unwind"
 opt-level = 3
 lto = "fat"
-codegen-units = 1
+codegen-units = 1
+
+[package.metadata.jspg]
+target_draft = "draft2020-12"

GEMINI.md

@@ -1,135 +1,140 @@
-# Gemini Project Overview: `jspg`
+# JSPG: JSON Schema Postgres
 
-This document outlines the purpose of the `jspg` project, its architecture, and the specific modifications made to the vendored `boon` JSON schema validator crate.
+**JSPG** is a high-performance PostgreSQL extension written in Rust (using `pgrx`) that transforms Postgres into a pre-compiled Semantic Engine. It serves as the core engine for the "Punc" architecture, where the database is the single source of truth for all data models, API contracts, validations, and reactive queries.
 
-## What is `jspg`?
+## 1. Overview & Architecture
 
-`jspg` is a PostgreSQL extension written in Rust using the `pgrx` framework. Its primary function is to provide fast, in-database JSON schema validation against the 2020-12 draft of the JSON Schema specification.
+JSPG operates by deeply integrating the JSON Schema Draft 2020-12 specification directly into the Postgres session lifecycle. It is built around three core pillars:
+*   **Validator**: In-memory, near-instant JSON structural validation and type polymorphism routing.
+*   **Merger**: Automatically traverse and UPSERT deeply nested JSON graphs into normalized relational tables.
+*   **Queryer**: Compile JSON Schemas into static, cached SQL SPI `SELECT` plans for fetching full entities or isolated "Stems".
 
-### How It Works
+### 🎯 Goals
+1.  **Draft 2020-12 Compliance**: Attempt to adhere to the official JSON Schema Draft 2020-12 specification.
+2.  **Ultra-Fast Execution**: Compile schemas into optimized in-memory validation trees and cached SQL SPIs to bypass Postgres Query Builder overheads.
+3.  **Connection-Bound Caching**: Leverage the PostgreSQL session lifecycle using an **Atomic Swap** pattern. Schemas are 100% frozen, completely eliminating locks during read access.
+4.  **Structural Inheritance**: Support object-oriented schema design via Implicit Keyword Shadowing and virtual `$family` references natively mapped to Postgres table constraints.
+5.  **Reactive Beats**: Provide natively generated "Stems" (isolated payload fragments) for dynamic websocket reactivity.
 
-The extension is designed for high-performance scenarios where schemas are defined once and used many times for validation. It achieves this through an in-memory cache.
-
-1.  **Caching and Pre-processing:** A user first calls the `cache_json_schemas(enums, types, puncs)` SQL function. This function takes arrays of JSON objects representing different kinds of schemas:
-    -   `enums`: Standalone enum schemas (e.g., for a `task_priority` list).
-    -   `types`: Schemas for core application data models (e.g., `person`, `organization`). These may contain a `hierarchy` array for inheritance information.
-    -   `puncs`: Schemas for API/function-specific requests and responses.
-
-    Before compiling, `jspg` performs a crucial **pre-processing step** for type hierarchies. It inspects each definition in the `types` array. If a type includes a `hierarchy` array (e.g., a `person` type with `["entity", "organization", "user", "person"]`), `jspg` uses this to build a map of "type families."
-
-    From this map, it generates new, virtual schemas on the fly. For example, for the `organization` type, it will generate a schema with `$id: "organization.family"` that contains an `enum` of all its descendant types, such as `["organization", "user", 'person"]`.
-
-    This allows developers to write more flexible schemas. Instead of strictly requiring a `const` type, you can validate against an entire inheritance chain:
-
-    ```json
-    // In an "organization" schema definition
-    "properties": {
-      "type": {
-        // Allows the 'type' field to be "organization", "user", or "person"
-        "$ref": "organization.family",
-        "override": true
-      }
-    }
-    ```
-
-    Finally, all user-defined schemas and the newly generated `.family` schemas are passed to the vendored `boon` crate, compiled into an efficient internal format, and stored in a static, in-memory `SCHEMA_CACHE`. This cache is managed by a `RwLock` to allow for high-performance, concurrent reads during validation.
-
-2.  **Validation:** The `validate_json_schema(schema_id, instance)` SQL function is then used to validate a JSONB `instance` against a specific, pre-cached schema identified by its `$id`. This function looks up the compiled schema in the cache and runs the validation, returning a success response or a detailed error report.
-
-3.  **Custom Logic:** `jspg` uses a locally modified (vendored) version of the `boon` crate. This allows for powerful, application-specific validation logic that goes beyond the standard JSON Schema specification, such as runtime-based strictness.
-
-### Error Handling
-
-When validation fails, `jspg` provides a detailed error report in a consistent JSON format, which we refer to as a "DropError". This process involves two main helper functions in `src/lib.rs`:
-
-1.  **`collect_errors`**: `boon` returns a nested tree of `ValidationError` objects. This function recursively traverses that tree to find the most specific, underlying causes of the failure. It filters out structural errors (like `allOf` or `anyOf`) to create a flat list of concrete validation failures.
-
-2.  **`format_errors`**: This function takes the flat list of errors and transforms each one into the final DropError JSON format. It also de-duplicates errors that occur at the same JSON Pointer path, ensuring a cleaner output if a single value violates multiple constraints.
-
-#### DropError Format
-
-A DropError object provides a clear, structured explanation of a validation failure:
-
-```json
-{
-  "code": "ADDITIONAL_PROPERTIES_NOT_ALLOWED",
-  "message": "Property 'extra' is not allowed",
-  "details": {
-    "path": "/extra",
-    "context": "not allowed",
-    "cause": {
-      "got": [
-        "extra"
-      ]
-    },
-    "schema": "basic_strict_test.request"
-  }
-}
-```
-
--   `code` (string): A machine-readable error code (e.g., `ADDITIONAL_PROPERTIES_NOT_ALLOWED`, `MIN_LENGTH_VIOLATED`).
--   `message` (string): A human-readable summary of the error.
--   `details` (object):
-    -   `path` (string): The JSON Pointer path to the invalid data within the instance.
-    -   `context` (any): The actual value that failed validation.
-    -   `cause` (any): The low-level reason from the validator, often including the expected value (`want`) and the actual value (`got`).
-    -   `schema` (string): The `$id` of the schema that was being validated.
+### Concurrency & Threading ("Immutable Graphs")
+To support high-throughput operations while allowing for runtime updates (e.g., during hot-reloading), JSPG uses an **Atomic Swap** pattern:
+1. **Parser Phase**: Schema JSONs are parsed into ordered `Schema` structs.
+2. **Compiler Phase**: The database iterates all parsed schemas and pre-computes native optimization maps (Descendants Map, Depths Map, Variations Map).
+3. **Immutable Validator**: The `Validator` struct immutably owns the `Database` registry and all its global maps. Schemas themselves are completely frozen; `$ref` strings are resolved dynamically at runtime using pre-computed O(1) maps.
+4. **Lock-Free Reads**: Incoming operations acquire a read lock just long enough to clone the `Arc` inside an `RwLock<Option<Arc<Validator>>>`, ensuring zero blocking during schema updates.
 
 ---
 
-## `boon` Crate Modifications
+## 2. Validator
 
-The version of `boon` located in the `validator/` directory has been significantly modified to support application-specific validation logic that goes beyond the standard JSON Schema specification.
+The Validator provides strict, schema-driven evaluation for the "Punc" architecture.
 
-### 1. Property-Level Overrides for Inheritance
+### API Reference
+*   `jspg_setup(database jsonb) -> jsonb`: Loads and compiles the entire registry (types, enums, puncs, relations) atomically.
+*   `mask_json_schema(schema_id text, instance jsonb) -> jsonb`: Validates and prunes unknown properties dynamically, returning masked data.
+*   `jspg_validate(schema_id text, instance jsonb) -> jsonb`: Returns boolean-like success or structured errors.
+*   `jspg_teardown() -> jsonb`: Clears the current session's schema cache.
 
--   **Problem:** A primary use case for this project is validating data models that use `$ref` to create inheritance chains (e.g., a `person` schema `$ref`s a `user` schema, which `$ref`s an `entity` schema). A common pattern is to use a `const` keyword on a `type` property to identify the specific model (e.g., `"type": {"const": "person"}`). However, standard JSON Schema composition with `allOf` (which is implicitly used by `$ref`) treats these as a logical AND. This creates an impossible condition where an instance's `type` property would need to be "person" AND "user" AND "entity" simultaneously.
+### Custom Features & Deviations
+JSPG implements specific extensions to the Draft 2020-12 standard to support the Punc architecture's object-oriented needs while heavily optimizing for zero-runtime lookups.
 
--   **Solution:** We've implemented a custom, explicit override mechanism. A new keyword, `"override": true`, can be added to any property definition within a schema.
+*   **Caching Strategy**: The Validator caches the pre-compiled `Database` registry in memory upon initialization (`jspg_setup`). This registry holds the comprehensive graph of schema boundaries, Types, ENUMs, and Foreign Key relationships, acting as the Single Source of Truth for all validation operations without polling Postgres.
 
-    ```json
-    // person.json
-    {
-      "$id": "person",
-      "$ref": "user",
-      "properties": {
-        "type": { "const": "person", "override": true }
-      }
-    }
-    ```
+#### A. Polymorphism & Referencing (`$ref`, `$family`, and Native Types)
+*   **Native Type Discrimination (`variations`)**: Schemas defined inside a Postgres `type` are Entities. The validator securely and implicitly manages their `"type"` property. If an entity inherits from `user`, incoming JSON can safely define `{"type": "person"}` without errors, thanks to `compiled_variations` inheritance.
+*   **Structural Inheritance & Viral Infection (`$ref`)**: `$ref` is used exclusively for structural inheritance, *never* for union creation. A Punc request schema that `$ref`s an Entity virally inherits all physical database polymorphism rules for that target.
+*   **Shape Polymorphism (`$family`)**: Auto-expands polymorphic API lists based on an abstract Descendants Graph. If `{"$family": "widget"}` is used, JSPG evaluates the JSON against every schema that `$ref`s widget.
+*   **Strict Matches & Depth Heuristic**: Polymorphic structures MUST match exactly **one** schema permutation. If multiple inherited struct permutations pass, JSPG applies the **Depth Heuristic Tie-Breaker**, selecting the candidate deepest in the inheritance tree. 
 
-    This signals to the validator that this definition of the `type` property should be the *only* one applied, and any definitions for `type` found in base schemas (like `user` or `entity`) should be ignored for the duration of this validation.
+#### B. Dot-Notation Schema Resolution & Database Mapping
+*   **The Dot Convention**: When a schema represents a specific variation or shape of an underlying physical database `Type` (e.g., a "summary" of a "person"), its `$id` must adhere to a dot-notation suffix convention (e.g., `summary.person` or `full.person`). 
+*   **Entity Resolution**: The framework (Validator, Queryer, Merger) dynamically determines the backing PostgreSQL table structure by splitting the schema's `$id` (or `$ref`) by `.` and extracting the **last segment** (`next_back()`). If the last segment matches a known Database Type (like `person`), the framework natively applies that table's inheritance rules, variations, and physical foreign keys to the schema graph, regardless of the prefix.
 
-#### Key Changes
+#### C. Strict by Default & Extensibility
+*   **Strictness**: By default, any property not explicitly defined in the schema causes a validation error (effectively enforcing `additionalProperties: false` globally). 
+*   **Extensibility (`extensible: true`)**: To allow a free-for-all of undefined properties, schemas must explicitly declare `"extensible": true`. 
+*   **Structured Additional Properties**: If `additionalProperties: {...}` is defined as a schema, arbitrary keys are allowed so long as their values match the defined type constraint.
+*   **Inheritance Boundaries**: Strictness resets when crossing `$ref` boundaries. A schema extending a strict parent remains strict unless it explicitly overrides with `"extensible": true`.
 
-This was achieved by making the validator stateful, using a pattern already present in `boon` for handling `unevaluatedProperties`.
+#### D. Implicit Keyword Shadowing
+*   **Inheritance (`$ref` + properties)**: Unlike standard JSON Schema, when a schema uses `$ref` alongside local properties, JSPG implements **Smart Merge**. Local constraints natively take precedence over (shadow) inherited constraints for the same keyword. 
+    *   *Example*: If `entity` has `type: {const: "entity"}`, but `person` defines `type: {const: "person"}`, the local `person` const cleanly overrides the inherited one.
+*   **Composition (`allOf`)**: When evaluating `allOf`, standard intersection rules apply seamlessly. No shadowing occurs, meaning all constraints from all branches must pass.
 
-1.  **Meta-Schema Update**: The meta-schema for Draft 2020-12 was modified to recognize `"override": true` as a valid keyword within a schema object, preventing the compiler from rejecting our custom schemas.
+#### E. Format Leniency for Empty Strings
+To simplify frontend form validation, format validators specifically for `uuid`, `date-time`, and `email` explicitly allow empty strings (`""`), treating them as "present but unset".
 
-2.  **Compiler Modification**: The schema compiler in `validator/src/compiler.rs` was updated. It now inspects sub-schemas within a `properties` keyword and, if it finds `"override": true`, it records the name of that property in a new `override_properties` `HashSet` on the compiled `Schema` struct.
+---
 
-3.  **Stateful Validator with `Override` Context**: The core `Validator` in `validator/src/validator.rs` was modified to carry an `Override` context (a `HashSet` of property names) throughout the validation process.
-    -   **Initialization**: When validation begins, the `Override` context is created and populated with the names of any properties that the top-level schema has marked with `override`.
-    -   **Propagation**: As the validator descends through a `$ref` or `allOf`, this `Override` context is cloned and passed down. The child schema adds its own override properties to the set, ensuring that higher-level overrides are always maintained.
-    -   **Enforcement**: In `obj_validate`, before a property is validated, the validator first checks if the property's name exists in the `Override` context it has received. If it does, it means a parent schema has already claimed responsibility for validating this property, so the child validator **skips** it entirely. This effectively achieves the "top-level wins" inheritance model.
 
-This approach cleanly integrates our desired inheritance behavior directly into the validator with minimal and explicit deviation from the standard, avoiding the need for a complex, post-processing validation function like the old `walk_and_validate_refs`.
+## 3. Merger
 
-### 2. Recursive Runtime Strictness Control
+The Merger provides an automated, high-performance graph synchronization engine via the `jspg_merge(cue JSONB)` API. It orchestrates the complex mapping of nested JSON objects into normalized Postgres relational tables, honoring all inheritance and graph constraints.
 
--   **Problem:** The `jspg` project requires that certain schemas (specifically those for public `puncs` and global `type`s) enforce a strict "no extra properties" policy. This strictness needs to be decided at runtime and must cascade through the entire validation hierarchy, including all nested objects and `$ref` chains. A compile-time flag was unsuitable because it would incorrectly apply strictness to shared, reusable schemas.
+### Core Features
 
--   **Solution:** A runtime validation option was implemented to enforce strictness recursively. This required several coordinated changes to the `boon` validator.
+*   **Caching Strategy**: The Merger leverages the `Validator`'s in-memory `Database` registry to instantly resolve Foreign Key mapping graphs. It additionally utilizes the concurrent `GLOBAL_JSPG` application memory (`DashMap`) to cache statically constructed SQL `SELECT` strings used during deduplication (`lk_`) and difference tracking calculations.
+*   **Deep Graph Merging**: The Merger walks arbitrary levels of deeply nested JSON schemas (e.g. tracking an `order`, its `customer`, and an array of its `lines`). It intelligently discovers the correct parent-to-child or child-to-parent Foreign Keys stored in the registry and automatically maps the UUIDs across the relationships during UPSERT.
+*   **Prefix Foreign Key Matching**: Handles scenario where multiple relations point to the same table by using database Foreign Key constraint prefixes (`fk_`). For example, if a schema has `shipping_address` and `billing_address`, the merger resolves against `fk_shipping_address_entity` vs `fk_billing_address_entity` automatically to correctly route object properties.
+*   **Dynamic Deduplication & Lookups**: If a nested object is provided without an `id`, the Merger utilizes Postgres `lk_` index constraints defined in the schema registry (e.g. `lk_person` mapped to `first_name` and `last_name`). It dynamically queries these unique matching constraints to discover the correct UUID to perform an UPDATE, preventing data duplication.
+*   **Hierarchical Table Inheritance**: The Punc system uses distributed table inheritance (e.g. `person` inherits `user` inherits `organization` inherits `entity`). The Merger splits the incoming JSON payload and performs atomic row updates across *all* relevant tables in the lineage map.
+*   **The Archive Paradigm**: Data is never deleted in the Punc system. The Merger securely enforces referential integrity by toggling the `archived` Boolean flag on the base `entity` table rather than issuing SQL `DELETE` commands.
+*   **Change Tracking & Reactivity**: The Merger diffs the incoming JSON against the existing database row (utilizing static, `DashMap`-cached `lk_` SELECT string templates). Every detected change is recorded into the `agreego.change` audit table, tracking the user mapping. It then natively uses `pg_notify` to broadcast a completely flat row-level diff out to the Go WebSocket server for O(1) routing.
+*   **Flat Structural Beats (Unidirectional Flow)**: The Merger purposefully DOES NOT trace or hydrate outbound Foreign Keys or nested parent structures during writes. It emits completely flat, mathematically perfect structural deltas via `pg_notify` representing only the exact Postgres rows that changed. This guarantees the write-path remains O(1) lightning fast. It is the strict responsibility of the upstream Punc Framework (the Go `Speaker`) to intercept these flat beats, evaluate them against active Websocket Schema Topologies, and dynamically issue targeted `jspg_query` reads to hydrate the exact contextual subgraphs required by listening clients.
+*   **Pre-Order Notification Traversal**: To support proper topological hydration on the upstream Go Framework, the Merger decouples the `pg_notify` execution from the physical database write execution. The engine collects structural changes and explicitly fires `pg_notify` SQL statements in strict **Pre-Order** (Parent -> Relations -> Children). This guarantees that WebSocket clients receive the parent entity `Beat` prior to any nested child entities, ensuring stable unidirectional data flows without hydration race conditions.
+*   **Many-to-Many Graph Edge Management**: Operates seamlessly with the global `agreego.relationship` table, allowing the system to represent and merge arbitrary reified M:M relationships directionally between any two entities.
+*   **Sparse Updates**: Empty JSON strings `""` are directly bound as explicit SQL `NULL` directives to clear data, whilst omitted (missing) properties skip UPDATE execution entirely, ensuring partial UI submissions do not wipe out sibling fields.
+*   **Unified Return Structure**: To eliminate UI hydration race conditions and multi-user duplication, `jspg_merge` explicitly strips the response graph and returns only the root `{ "id": "uuid" }` (or an array of IDs for list insertions). External APIs can then explicitly call read APIs to fetch the resulting graph, while the UI relies 100% implicitly on the flat `pg_notify` pipeline for reactive state synchronization.
+*   **Decoupled SQL Generation**: Because Writes (INSERT/UPDATE) are inherently highly dynamic based on partial payload structures, the Merger generates raw SQL strings dynamically per execution without caching, guaranteeing a minimal memory footprint while scaling optimally.
 
-#### Key Changes
+---
 
-1.  **`ValidationOptions` Struct**: A new `ValidationOptions { be_strict: bool }` struct was added to `validator/src/lib.rs`. The `jspg` code in `src/lib.rs` determines if a validation run should be strict and passes this struct to the validator.
+## 4. Queryer
 
-2.  **Strictness Check in `uneval_validate`**: The original `boon` only checked for unevaluated properties if the `unevaluatedProperties` keyword was present in the schema. We added an `else if be_strict` block to `uneval_validate` in `validator/src/validator.rs`. This block triggers a check for any leftover unevaluated properties at the end of a validation pass and reports them as errors, effectively enforcing our runtime strictness rule.
+The Queryer transforms Postgres into a pre-compiled Semantic Query Engine via the `jspg_query(schema_id text, cue jsonb)` API, designed to serve the exact shape of Punc responses directly via SQL.
 
-3.  **Correct Context Propagation**: The most complex part of the fix was ensuring the set of unevaluated properties was correctly maintained across different validation contexts (especially `$ref` and nested property validations). Three critical changes were made:
-    -   **Inheriting Context in `_validate_self`**: When validating keywords that apply to the same instance (like `$ref` or `allOf`), the sub-validator must know what properties the parent has already evaluated. We changed the creation of the `Validator` inside `_validate_self` to pass a clone of the parent's `uneval` state (`uneval: self.uneval.clone()`) instead of creating a new one from scratch. This allows the context to flow downwards.
-    -   **Isolating Context in `validate_val`**: Conversely, when validating a property's value, that value is a *different* part of the JSON instance. The sub-validation should not affect the parent's list of unevaluated properties. We fixed this by commenting out the `self.uneval.merge(...)` call in the `validate_val` function.
-    -   **Simplifying `Uneval::merge`**: The original logic for merging `uneval` state was different for `$ref` keywords. This was incorrect. We simplified the `merge` function to *always* perform an intersection (`retain`), which correctly combines the knowledge of evaluated properties from different schema parts that apply to the same instance.
+### Core Features
 
-4.  **Removing Incompatible Assertions**: The changes to context propagation broke several `debug_assert!` macros in the `arr_validate` function, which were part of `boon`'s original design. Since our new validation flow is different but correct, these assertions were removed.
+*   **Caching Strategy (DashMap SQL Caching)**: The Queryer securely caches its compiled, static SQL string templates per schema permutation inside the `GLOBAL_JSPG` concurrent `DashMap`. This eliminates recursive AST schema crawling on consecutive requests. Furthermore, it evaluates the strings via Postgres SPI (Server Programming Interface) Prepared Statements, leveraging native database caching of execution plans for extreme performance.
+*   **Schema-to-SQL Compilation**: Compiles JSON Schema ASTs spanning deep arrays directly into static, pre-planned SQL multi-JOIN queries. This explicitly features the `Smart Merge` evaluation engine which natively translates properties through `allOf` and `$ref` inheritances, mapping JSON fields specifically to their physical database table aliases during translation.
+*   **Dynamic Filtering**: Binds parameters natively through `cue.filters` objects. The queryer enforces a strict, structured, MongoDB-style operator syntax to map incoming JSON request paths directly to their originating structural table columns.
+    *   **Equality / Inequality**: `{"$eq": value}`, `{"$ne": value}` automatically map to `=` and `!=`.
+    *   **Comparison**: `{"$gt": ...}`, `{"$gte": ...}`, `{"$lt": ...}`, `{"$lte": ...}` directly compile to Postgres comparison operators (`> `, `>=`, `<`, `<=`).
+    *   **Array Inclusion**: `{"$in": [values]}`, `{"$nin": [values]}` use native `jsonb_array_elements_text()` bindings to enforce `IN` and `NOT IN` logic without runtime SQL injection risks.
+    *   **Text Matching (ILIKE)**: Evaluates `$eq` or `$ne` against string fields containing the `%` character natively into Postgres `ILIKE` and `NOT ILIKE` partial substring matches.
+    *   **Type Casting**: Safely resolves dynamic combinations by casting values instantly into the physical database types mapped in the schema (e.g. parsing `uuid` bindings to `::uuid`, formatting DateTimes to `::timestamptz`, and numbers to `::numeric`).
+
+### The Stem Engine
+
+Rather than over-fetching heavy Entity payloads and trimming them, Punc Framework Websockets depend on isolated subgraphs defined as **Stems**.
+A `Stem` is a declaration of an **Entity Type boundary** that exists somewhere within the compiled JSON Schema graph, expressed using **`gjson` multipath syntax** (e.g., `contacts.#.phone_numbers.#`).
+
+Because `pg_notify` (Beats) fire rigidly from physical Postgres tables (e.g. `{"type": "phone_number"}`), the Go Framework only ever needs to know: "Does the schema `with_contacts.person` contain the `phone_number` Entity anywhere inside its tree, and if so, what is the gjson path to iterate its payload?"
+
+*   **Initialization:** During startup (`jspg_stems()`), the database crawls all Schemas and maps out every physical Entity Type it references. It builds a highly optimized `HashMap<String, HashMap<String, Arc<Stem>>>` providing strictly `O(1)` memory lookups mapping `Schema ID -> { Stem Path -> Entity Type }`.
+*   **GJSON Pathing:** Unlike standard JSON Pointers, stems utilize `.#` array iterator syntax. The Go web server consumes this native path (e.g. `lines.#`) across the raw Postgres JSON byte payload, extracting all active UUIDs in one massive sub-millisecond sweep without unmarshaling Go ASTs.
+*   **Polymorphic Condition Selectors:** When trailing paths would otherwise collide because of abstract polymorphic type definitions (e.g., a `target` property bounded by a `oneOf` taking either `phone_number` or `email_address`), JSPG natively appends evaluated `gjson` type conditions into the path (e.g. `contacts.#.target#(type=="phone_number")`). This guarantees `O(1)` key uniqueness in the HashMap while retaining extreme array extraction speeds natively without runtime AST evaluation.
+*   **Identifier Prioritization:** When determining if a nested object boundary is an Entity, JSPG natively prioritizes defined `$id` tags over `$ref` inheritance pointers to prevent polymorphic boundaries from devolving into their generic base classes.
+*   **Cyclical Deduplication:** Because Punc relationships often reference back on themselves via deeply nested classes, the Stem Engine applies intelligent path deduplication. If the active `current_path` already ends with the target entity string, it traverses the inheritance properties without appending the entity to the stem path again, eliminating infinite powerset loops.
+*   **Relationship Path Squashing:** When calculating string paths structurally, JSPG intentionally **omits** properties natively named `target` or `source` if they belong to a native database `relationship` table override.
+*   **The Go Router**: The Golang Punc framework uses this exact mapping to register WebSocket Beat frequencies exclusively on the Entity types discovered.
+*   **The Queryer Execution**: When the Go framework asks JSPG to hydrate a partial `phone_number` stem for the `with_contacts.person` schema, instead of jumping through string paths, the SQL Compiler simply reaches into the Schema's AST using the `phone_number` Type string, pulls out exactly that entity's mapping rules, and returns a fully correlated `SELECT` block! This natively handles nested array properties injected via `oneOf` or array references efficiently bypassing runtime powerset expansion.
+*   **Performance:** These Stem execution structures are fully statically compiled via SPI and map perfectly to `O(1)` real-time routing logic on the application tier.
+
+## 5. Testing & Execution Architecture
+
+JSPG implements a strict separation of concerns to bypass the need to boot a full PostgreSQL cluster for unit and integration testing. Because `pgrx::spi::Spi` directly links to PostgreSQL C-headers, building the library with `cargo test` on macOS natively normally results in fatal `dyld` crashes.
+
+To solve this, JSPG introduces the `DatabaseExecutor` trait inside `src/database/executors/`:
+
+*   **`SpiExecutor` (`pgrx.rs`)**: The production evaluator that is conditionally compiled (`#[cfg(not(test))]`). It unwraps standard `pgrx::spi` connections to the database.
+*   **`MockExecutor` (`mock.rs`)**: The testing evaluator that is conditionally compiled (`#[cfg(test)]`). It absorbs SQL calls and captures parameter bindings in memory without executing them.
+
+### Universal Test Harness (`src/tests/`)
+JSPG abandons the standard `cargo pgrx test` model in favor of native OS testing for a >1000x speed increase (`~0.05s` execution).
+
+1.  **JSON Fixtures**: All core interactions are defined abstractly as JSON arrays in `fixtures/`. Each file contains suites of `TestCase` objects with an `action` flag (`compile`, `validate`, `merge`, `query`).
+2.  **`build.rs` Generator**: The build script traverses the JSON fixtures, extracts their structural identities, and generates standard `#[test]` blocks into `src/tests/fixtures.rs`.
+3.  **Modular Test Dispatcher**: The `src/tests/types/` module deserializes the abstract JSON test payloads into `Suite`, `Case`, and `Expect` data structures.
+    *   The `compile` action natively asserts the exact output shape of `jspg_stems`, allowing structural and relationship mapping logic to be tested purely through JSON without writing brute-force manual tests in Rust.
+4.  **Unit Context Execution**: When `cargo test` executes, the runner iterates the JSON payloads. Because the tests run natively inside the module via `#cfg(test)`, the Rust compiler globally erases `pgrx` C-linkage, instantiates the `MockExecutor`, and allows for pure structural evaluation of complex database logic completely in memory in parallel.

build.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+use std::fs;
+use std::fs::File;
+use std::io::Write;
+use std::path::Path;
+
+fn to_safe_identifier(name: &str) -> String {
+  let mut safe = String::new();
+  for (i, c) in name.chars().enumerate() {
+    if c.is_uppercase() {
+      if i > 0 {
+        safe.push('_');
+      }
+      safe.push(c.to_ascii_lowercase());
+    } else if c == '-' || c == '.' {
+      safe.push('_');
+    } else {
+      safe.push(c);
+    }
+  }
+  safe
+}
+
+fn main() {
+  println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=fixtures");
+  println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=Cargo.toml");
+
+  // File: src/tests/fixtures.rs for standard #[test] integration
+  let std_dest_path = Path::new("src/tests/fixtures.rs");
+  let mut std_file = File::create(std_dest_path).unwrap();
+
+  // Walk tests/fixtures directly
+  let fixtures_path = "fixtures";
+  if Path::new(fixtures_path).exists() {
+    for entry in fs::read_dir(fixtures_path).unwrap() {
+      let entry = entry.unwrap();
+      let path = entry.path();
+      if path.extension().unwrap_or_default() == "json" {
+        let file_name = path.file_stem().unwrap().to_str().unwrap();
+
+        // Parse the JSON file to find blocks
+        let file = File::open(&path).unwrap();
+        let val: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_reader(file).unwrap();
+
+        if let Some(arr) = val.as_array() {
+          for (i, item) in arr.iter().enumerate() {
+            // Enforce test suite structure
+            let group = item.as_object().expect("Test suite must be an object");
+
+            // Validate required suite fields
+            if !group.contains_key("description")
+              || !group.contains_key("database")
+              || !group.contains_key("tests")
+            {
+              panic!(
+                "File {} index {} is missing required suite fields (description, database, tests)",
+                file_name, i
+              );
+            }
+
+            // Validate required test case fields
+            let tests = group
+              .get("tests")
+              .unwrap()
+              .as_array()
+              .expect("Tests must be an array");
+            let safe_filename = to_safe_identifier(file_name);
+            for (t_idx, test) in tests.iter().enumerate() {
+              let t_obj = test.as_object().expect("Test case must be an object");
+              if !t_obj.contains_key("description") {
+                panic!(
+                  "File {} suite {} test {} is missing required case fields (description)",
+                  file_name, i, t_idx
+                );
+              }
+
+              // Use deterministic names: test_{filename}_{suite_idx}_{test_idx}
+              let fn_name = format!("test_{}_{}_{}", safe_filename, i, t_idx);
+
+              // Write to src/tests/fixtures.rs (Std Test)
+              write!(
+                std_file,
+                r#"
+#[test]
+fn {}() {{
+    let path = format!("{{}}/fixtures/{}.json", env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"));
+    crate::tests::runner::run_test_case(&path, {}, {}).unwrap();
+}}
+"#,
+                fn_name, file_name, i, t_idx
+              )
+              .unwrap();
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}

fixtures/additionalProperties.json

@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+[
+  {
+    "description": "additionalProperties validates properties not matched by properties",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "$id": "schema1",
+          "properties": {
+            "foo": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "bar": {
+              "type": "number"
+            }
+          },
+          "additionalProperties": {
+            "type": "boolean"
+          }
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "defined properties are valid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": "value",
+          "bar": 123
+        },
+        "schema_id": "schema1",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "additional property matching schema is valid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": "value",
+          "is_active": true,
+          "hidden": false
+        },
+        "schema_id": "schema1",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "additional property not matching schema is invalid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": "value",
+          "is_active": 1
+        },
+        "schema_id": "schema1",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "extensible: true with additionalProperties still validates structure",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "properties": {
+            "foo": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          },
+          "extensible": true,
+          "additionalProperties": {
+            "type": "integer"
+          },
+          "$id": "additionalProperties_1_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "additional property matching schema is valid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": "hello",
+          "count": 5,
+          "age": 42
+        },
+        "schema_id": "additionalProperties_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "additional property not matching schema is invalid despite extensible: true",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": "hello",
+          "count": "five"
+        },
+        "schema_id": "additionalProperties_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "complex additionalProperties with object and array items",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "$id": "schema3",
+          "properties": {
+            "type": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          },
+          "additionalProperties": {
+            "type": "array",
+            "items": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "valid array of strings",
+        "data": {
+          "type": "my_type",
+          "group_a": [
+            "field1",
+            "field2"
+          ],
+          "group_b": [
+            "field3"
+          ]
+        },
+        "schema_id": "schema3",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "invalid array of integers",
+        "data": {
+          "type": "my_type",
+          "group_a": [
+            1,
+            2
+          ]
+        },
+        "schema_id": "schema3",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "invalid non-array type",
+        "data": {
+          "type": "my_type",
+          "group_a": "field1"
+        },
+        "schema_id": "schema3",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+]

fixtures/allOf.json

@@ -0,0 +1,677 @@
+[
+  {
+    "description": "allOf",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "allOf": [
+            {
+              "properties": {
+                "bar": {
+                  "type": "integer"
+                }
+              },
+              "required": [
+                "bar"
+              ]
+            },
+            {
+              "properties": {
+                "foo": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              },
+              "required": [
+                "foo"
+              ]
+            }
+          ],
+          "$id": "allOf_0_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "allOf",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": "baz",
+          "bar": 2
+        },
+        "schema_id": "allOf_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "mismatch second",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": "baz"
+        },
+        "schema_id": "allOf_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "mismatch first",
+        "data": {
+          "bar": 2
+        },
+        "schema_id": "allOf_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "wrong type",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": "baz",
+          "bar": "quux"
+        },
+        "schema_id": "allOf_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "allOf with base schema",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "properties": {
+            "bar": {
+              "type": "integer"
+            },
+            "baz": {},
+            "foo": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          },
+          "required": [
+            "bar"
+          ],
+          "allOf": [
+            {
+              "properties": {
+                "foo": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              },
+              "required": [
+                "foo"
+              ]
+            },
+            {
+              "properties": {
+                "baz": {
+                  "type": "null"
+                }
+              },
+              "required": [
+                "baz"
+              ]
+            }
+          ],
+          "$id": "allOf_1_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "valid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": "quux",
+          "bar": 2,
+          "baz": null
+        },
+        "schema_id": "allOf_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "mismatch base schema",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": "quux",
+          "baz": null
+        },
+        "schema_id": "allOf_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "mismatch first allOf",
+        "data": {
+          "bar": 2,
+          "baz": null
+        },
+        "schema_id": "allOf_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "mismatch second allOf",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": "quux",
+          "bar": 2
+        },
+        "schema_id": "allOf_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "mismatch both",
+        "data": {
+          "bar": 2
+        },
+        "schema_id": "allOf_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "allOf simple types",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "allOf": [
+            {
+              "maximum": 30
+            },
+            {
+              "minimum": 20
+            }
+          ],
+          "$id": "allOf_2_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "valid",
+        "data": 25,
+        "schema_id": "allOf_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "mismatch one",
+        "data": 35,
+        "schema_id": "allOf_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "allOf with boolean schemas, all true",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "allOf": [
+            true,
+            true
+          ],
+          "$id": "allOf_3_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "any value is valid",
+        "data": "foo",
+        "schema_id": "allOf_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "allOf with boolean schemas, some false",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "allOf": [
+            true,
+            false
+          ],
+          "$id": "allOf_4_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "any value is invalid",
+        "data": "foo",
+        "schema_id": "allOf_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "allOf with boolean schemas, all false",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "allOf": [
+            false,
+            false
+          ],
+          "$id": "allOf_5_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "any value is invalid",
+        "data": "foo",
+        "schema_id": "allOf_5_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "allOf with one empty schema",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "allOf": [
+            {}
+          ],
+          "$id": "allOf_6_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "any data is valid",
+        "data": 1,
+        "schema_id": "allOf_6_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "allOf with two empty schemas",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "allOf": [
+            {},
+            {}
+          ],
+          "$id": "allOf_7_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "any data is valid",
+        "data": 1,
+        "schema_id": "allOf_7_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "allOf with the first empty schema",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "allOf": [
+            {},
+            {
+              "type": "number"
+            }
+          ],
+          "$id": "allOf_8_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "number is valid",
+        "data": 1,
+        "schema_id": "allOf_8_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "string is invalid",
+        "data": "foo",
+        "schema_id": "allOf_8_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "allOf with the last empty schema",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "allOf": [
+            {
+              "type": "number"
+            },
+            {}
+          ],
+          "$id": "allOf_9_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "number is valid",
+        "data": 1,
+        "schema_id": "allOf_9_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "string is invalid",
+        "data": "foo",
+        "schema_id": "allOf_9_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "nested allOf, to check validation semantics",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "allOf": [
+            {
+              "allOf": [
+                {
+                  "type": "null"
+                }
+              ]
+            }
+          ],
+          "$id": "allOf_10_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "null is valid",
+        "data": null,
+        "schema_id": "allOf_10_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "anything non-null is invalid",
+        "data": 123,
+        "schema_id": "allOf_10_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "extensible: true allows extra properties in allOf",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "allOf": [
+            {
+              "properties": {
+                "bar": {
+                  "type": "integer"
+                }
+              },
+              "required": [
+                "bar"
+              ]
+            },
+            {
+              "properties": {
+                "foo": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              },
+              "required": [
+                "foo"
+              ]
+            }
+          ],
+          "extensible": true,
+          "$id": "allOf_12_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "extra property is valid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": "baz",
+          "bar": 2,
+          "qux": 3
+        },
+        "schema_id": "allOf_12_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "strict by default with allOf properties",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "allOf": [
+            {
+              "properties": {
+                "foo": {
+                  "const": 1
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            {
+              "properties": {
+                "bar": {
+                  "const": 2
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          ],
+          "$id": "allOf_13_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "validates merged properties",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1,
+          "bar": 2
+        },
+        "schema_id": "allOf_13_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "fails on extra property z explicitly",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1,
+          "bar": 2,
+          "z": 3
+        },
+        "schema_id": "allOf_13_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "allOf with nested extensible: true (partial looseness)",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "allOf": [
+            {
+              "properties": {
+                "foo": {
+                  "const": 1
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            {
+              "extensible": true,
+              "properties": {
+                "bar": {
+                  "const": 2
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          ],
+          "$id": "allOf_14_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "extensible subschema doesn't make root extensible if root is strict",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1,
+          "bar": 2,
+          "z": 3
+        },
+        "schema_id": "allOf_14_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "strictness: allOf composition with strict refs",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "allOf": [
+            {
+              "$ref": "partA"
+            },
+            {
+              "$ref": "partB"
+            }
+          ],
+          "$id": "allOf_15_0"
+        },
+        {
+          "$id": "partA",
+          "properties": {
+            "id": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "$id": "partB",
+          "properties": {
+            "name": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "merged instance is valid",
+        "data": {
+          "id": "1",
+          "name": "Me"
+        },
+        "schema_id": "allOf_15_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "extra property is invalid (root is strict)",
+        "data": {
+          "id": "1",
+          "name": "Me",
+          "extra": 1
+        },
+        "schema_id": "allOf_15_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "partA mismatch is invalid",
+        "data": {
+          "id": 1,
+          "name": "Me"
+        },
+        "schema_id": "allOf_15_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+]

fixtures/booleanSchema.json

@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+[
+  {
+    "description": "boolean schema 'true'",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "$id": "booleanSchema_0_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "number is valid",
+        "data": 1,
+        "schema_id": "booleanSchema_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "string is valid",
+        "data": "foo",
+        "schema_id": "booleanSchema_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "boolean true is valid",
+        "data": true,
+        "schema_id": "booleanSchema_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "boolean false is valid",
+        "data": false,
+        "schema_id": "booleanSchema_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "null is valid",
+        "data": null,
+        "schema_id": "booleanSchema_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "object is valid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": "bar"
+        },
+        "schema_id": "booleanSchema_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "empty object is valid",
+        "data": {},
+        "schema_id": "booleanSchema_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "array is valid",
+        "data": [
+          "foo"
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "booleanSchema_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "empty array is valid",
+        "data": [],
+        "schema_id": "booleanSchema_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "boolean schema 'false'",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "not": {},
+          "$id": "booleanSchema_1_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "number is invalid",
+        "data": 1,
+        "schema_id": "booleanSchema_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "string is invalid",
+        "data": "foo",
+        "schema_id": "booleanSchema_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "boolean true is invalid",
+        "data": true,
+        "schema_id": "booleanSchema_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "boolean false is invalid",
+        "data": false,
+        "schema_id": "booleanSchema_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "null is invalid",
+        "data": null,
+        "schema_id": "booleanSchema_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "object is invalid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": "bar"
+        },
+        "schema_id": "booleanSchema_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "empty object is invalid",
+        "data": {},
+        "schema_id": "booleanSchema_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "array is invalid",
+        "data": [
+          "foo"
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "booleanSchema_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "empty array is invalid",
+        "data": [],
+        "schema_id": "booleanSchema_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+]

fixtures/const.json

@@ -0,0 +1,818 @@
+[
+  {
+    "description": "const validation",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "const": 2,
+          "$id": "const_0_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "same value is valid",
+        "data": 2,
+        "schema_id": "const_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "another value is invalid",
+        "data": 5,
+        "schema_id": "const_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "another type is invalid",
+        "data": "a",
+        "schema_id": "const_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "const with object",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "const": {
+            "foo": "bar",
+            "baz": "bax"
+          },
+          "properties": {
+            "foo": {},
+            "baz": {}
+          },
+          "$id": "const_1_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "same object is valid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": "bar",
+          "baz": "bax"
+        },
+        "schema_id": "const_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "same object with different property order is valid",
+        "data": {
+          "baz": "bax",
+          "foo": "bar"
+        },
+        "schema_id": "const_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "another object is invalid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": "bar"
+        },
+        "schema_id": "const_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "another type is invalid",
+        "data": [
+          1,
+          2
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "const_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "const with array",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "const": [
+            {
+              "foo": "bar"
+            }
+          ],
+          "$id": "const_2_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "same array is valid",
+        "data": [
+          {
+            "foo": "bar"
+          }
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "const_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "another array item is invalid",
+        "data": [
+          2
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "const_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "array with additional items is invalid",
+        "data": [
+          1,
+          2,
+          3
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "const_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "const with null",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "const": null,
+          "$id": "const_3_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "null is valid",
+        "data": null,
+        "schema_id": "const_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "not null is invalid",
+        "data": 0,
+        "schema_id": "const_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "const with false does not match 0",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "const": false,
+          "$id": "const_4_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "false is valid",
+        "data": false,
+        "schema_id": "const_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "integer zero is invalid",
+        "data": 0,
+        "schema_id": "const_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "float zero is invalid",
+        "data": 0,
+        "schema_id": "const_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "const with true does not match 1",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "const": true,
+          "$id": "const_5_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "true is valid",
+        "data": true,
+        "schema_id": "const_5_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "integer one is invalid",
+        "data": 1,
+        "schema_id": "const_5_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "float one is invalid",
+        "data": 1,
+        "schema_id": "const_5_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "const with [false] does not match [0]",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "const": [
+            false
+          ],
+          "$id": "const_6_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "[false] is valid",
+        "data": [
+          false
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "const_6_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "[0] is invalid",
+        "data": [
+          0
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "const_6_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "[0.0] is invalid",
+        "data": [
+          0
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "const_6_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "const with [true] does not match [1]",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "const": [
+            true
+          ],
+          "$id": "const_7_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "[true] is valid",
+        "data": [
+          true
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "const_7_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "[1] is invalid",
+        "data": [
+          1
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "const_7_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "[1.0] is invalid",
+        "data": [
+          1
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "const_7_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "const with {\"a\": false} does not match {\"a\": 0}",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "const": {
+            "a": false
+          },
+          "$id": "const_8_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "{\"a\": false} is valid",
+        "data": {
+          "a": false
+        },
+        "schema_id": "const_8_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "{\"a\": 0} is invalid",
+        "data": {
+          "a": 0
+        },
+        "schema_id": "const_8_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "{\"a\": 0.0} is invalid",
+        "data": {
+          "a": 0
+        },
+        "schema_id": "const_8_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "const with {\"a\": true} does not match {\"a\": 1}",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "const": {
+            "a": true
+          },
+          "$id": "const_9_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "{\"a\": true} is valid",
+        "data": {
+          "a": true
+        },
+        "schema_id": "const_9_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "{\"a\": 1} is invalid",
+        "data": {
+          "a": 1
+        },
+        "schema_id": "const_9_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "{\"a\": 1.0} is invalid",
+        "data": {
+          "a": 1
+        },
+        "schema_id": "const_9_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "const with 0 does not match other zero-like types",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "const": 0,
+          "$id": "const_10_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "false is invalid",
+        "data": false,
+        "schema_id": "const_10_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "integer zero is valid",
+        "data": 0,
+        "schema_id": "const_10_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "float zero is valid",
+        "data": 0,
+        "schema_id": "const_10_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "empty object is invalid",
+        "data": {},
+        "schema_id": "const_10_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "empty array is invalid",
+        "data": [],
+        "schema_id": "const_10_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "empty string is invalid",
+        "data": "",
+        "schema_id": "const_10_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "const with 1 does not match true",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "const": 1,
+          "$id": "const_11_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "true is invalid",
+        "data": true,
+        "schema_id": "const_11_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "integer one is valid",
+        "data": 1,
+        "schema_id": "const_11_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "float one is valid",
+        "data": 1,
+        "schema_id": "const_11_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "const with -2.0 matches integer and float types",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "const": -2,
+          "$id": "const_12_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "integer -2 is valid",
+        "data": -2,
+        "schema_id": "const_12_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "integer 2 is invalid",
+        "data": 2,
+        "schema_id": "const_12_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "float -2.0 is valid",
+        "data": -2,
+        "schema_id": "const_12_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "float 2.0 is invalid",
+        "data": 2,
+        "schema_id": "const_12_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "float -2.00001 is invalid",
+        "data": -2.00001,
+        "schema_id": "const_12_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "float and integers are equal up to 64-bit representation limits",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "const": 9007199254740992,
+          "$id": "const_13_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "integer is valid",
+        "data": 9007199254740992,
+        "schema_id": "const_13_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "integer minus one is invalid",
+        "data": 9007199254740991,
+        "schema_id": "const_13_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "float is valid",
+        "data": 9007199254740992,
+        "schema_id": "const_13_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "float minus one is invalid",
+        "data": 9007199254740991,
+        "schema_id": "const_13_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "nul characters in strings",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "const": "hello\u0000there",
+          "$id": "const_14_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "match string with nul",
+        "data": "hello\u0000there",
+        "schema_id": "const_14_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "do not match string lacking nul",
+        "data": "hellothere",
+        "schema_id": "const_14_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "characters with the same visual representation but different codepoint",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "const": "μ",
+          "$comment": "U+03BC",
+          "$id": "const_15_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "character uses the same codepoint",
+        "data": "μ",
+        "comment": "U+03BC",
+        "schema_id": "const_15_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "character looks the same but uses a different codepoint",
+        "data": "µ",
+        "comment": "U+00B5",
+        "schema_id": "const_15_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "characters with the same visual representation, but different number of codepoints",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "const": "ä",
+          "$comment": "U+00E4",
+          "$id": "const_16_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "character uses the same codepoint",
+        "data": "ä",
+        "comment": "U+00E4",
+        "schema_id": "const_16_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "character looks the same but uses combining marks",
+        "data": "ä",
+        "comment": "a, U+0308",
+        "schema_id": "const_16_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "extensible: true allows extra properties in const object match",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "const": {
+            "a": 1
+          },
+          "extensible": true,
+          "$id": "const_17_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "extra property ignored during strict check, but const check still applies (mismatch)",
+        "data": {
+          "a": 1,
+          "b": 2
+        },
+        "schema_id": "const_17_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "extra property match in const (this is effectively impossible if data has extra props not in const, it implicitly fails const check unless we assume const check ignored extra props? No, const check is strict. So this test is just to show strictness passes.)",
+        "data": {
+          "a": 1
+        },
+        "schema_id": "const_17_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+]

fixtures/contains.json

@@ -0,0 +1,418 @@
+[
+  {
+    "description": "contains keyword validation",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "contains": {
+            "minimum": 5
+          },
+          "items": true,
+          "$id": "contains_0_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "array with item matching schema (5) is valid (items: true)",
+        "data": [
+          3,
+          4,
+          5
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "contains_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "array with item matching schema (6) is valid (items: true)",
+        "data": [
+          3,
+          4,
+          6
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "contains_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "array with two items matching schema (5, 6) is valid (items: true)",
+        "data": [
+          3,
+          4,
+          5,
+          6
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "contains_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "array without items matching schema is invalid",
+        "data": [
+          2,
+          3,
+          4
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "contains_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "empty array is invalid",
+        "data": [],
+        "schema_id": "contains_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "not array is valid",
+        "data": {},
+        "schema_id": "contains_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "contains keyword with const keyword",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "contains": {
+            "const": 5
+          },
+          "items": true,
+          "$id": "contains_1_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "array with item 5 is valid (items: true)",
+        "data": [
+          3,
+          4,
+          5
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "contains_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "array with two items 5 is valid (items: true)",
+        "data": [
+          3,
+          4,
+          5,
+          5
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "contains_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "array without item 5 is invalid",
+        "data": [
+          1,
+          2,
+          3,
+          4
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "contains_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "contains keyword with boolean schema true",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "contains": true,
+          "$id": "contains_2_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "any non-empty array is valid",
+        "data": [
+          "foo"
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "contains_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "empty array is invalid",
+        "data": [],
+        "schema_id": "contains_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "contains keyword with boolean schema false",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "contains": false,
+          "$id": "contains_3_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "any non-empty array is invalid",
+        "data": [
+          "foo"
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "contains_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "empty array is invalid",
+        "data": [],
+        "schema_id": "contains_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "non-arrays are valid",
+        "data": "contains does not apply to strings",
+        "schema_id": "contains_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "items + contains",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "items": {
+            "multipleOf": 2
+          },
+          "contains": {
+            "multipleOf": 3
+          },
+          "$id": "contains_4_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "matches items, does not match contains",
+        "data": [
+          2,
+          4,
+          8
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "contains_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "does not match items, matches contains",
+        "data": [
+          3,
+          6,
+          9
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "contains_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "matches both items and contains",
+        "data": [
+          6,
+          12
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "contains_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "matches neither items nor contains",
+        "data": [
+          1,
+          5
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "contains_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "contains with false if subschema",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "contains": {
+            "if": false,
+            "else": true
+          },
+          "$id": "contains_5_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "any non-empty array is valid",
+        "data": [
+          "foo"
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "contains_5_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "empty array is invalid",
+        "data": [],
+        "schema_id": "contains_5_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "contains with null instance elements",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "contains": {
+            "type": "null"
+          },
+          "$id": "contains_6_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "allows null items",
+        "data": [
+          null
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "contains_6_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "extensible: true allows non-matching items in contains",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "contains": {
+            "const": 1
+          },
+          "extensible": true,
+          "$id": "contains_7_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "extra items acceptable",
+        "data": [
+          1,
+          2
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "contains_7_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "strict by default: non-matching items in contains are invalid",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "contains": {
+            "const": 1
+          },
+          "$id": "contains_8_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "extra items cause failure",
+        "data": [
+          1,
+          2
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "contains_8_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "only matching items is valid",
+        "data": [
+          1,
+          1
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "contains_8_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+]

fixtures/content.json

@@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
+[
+  {
+    "description": "validation of string-encoded content based on media type",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "contentMediaType": "application/json",
+          "$id": "content_0_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "a valid JSON document",
+        "data": "{\"foo\": \"bar\"}",
+        "schema_id": "content_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "an invalid JSON document; validates true",
+        "data": "{:}",
+        "schema_id": "content_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "ignores non-strings",
+        "data": 100,
+        "schema_id": "content_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "validation of binary string-encoding",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "contentEncoding": "base64",
+          "$id": "content_1_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "a valid base64 string",
+        "data": "eyJmb28iOiAiYmFyIn0K",
+        "schema_id": "content_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "an invalid base64 string (% is not a valid character); validates true",
+        "data": "eyJmb28iOi%iYmFyIn0K",
+        "schema_id": "content_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "ignores non-strings",
+        "data": 100,
+        "schema_id": "content_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "validation of binary-encoded media type documents",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "contentMediaType": "application/json",
+          "contentEncoding": "base64",
+          "$id": "content_2_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "a valid base64-encoded JSON document",
+        "data": "eyJmb28iOiAiYmFyIn0K",
+        "schema_id": "content_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "a validly-encoded invalid JSON document; validates true",
+        "data": "ezp9Cg==",
+        "schema_id": "content_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "an invalid base64 string that is valid JSON; validates true",
+        "data": "{}",
+        "schema_id": "content_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "ignores non-strings",
+        "data": 100,
+        "schema_id": "content_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "validation of binary-encoded media type documents with schema",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "contentMediaType": "application/json",
+          "contentEncoding": "base64",
+          "contentSchema": {
+            "type": "object",
+            "required": [
+              "foo"
+            ],
+            "properties": {
+              "foo": {
+                "type": "string"
+              },
+              "boo": {
+                "type": "integer"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          "$id": "content_3_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "a valid base64-encoded JSON document",
+        "data": "eyJmb28iOiAiYmFyIn0K",
+        "schema_id": "content_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "another valid base64-encoded JSON document",
+        "data": "eyJib28iOiAyMCwgImZvbyI6ICJiYXoifQ==",
+        "schema_id": "content_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "an invalid base64-encoded JSON document; validates true",
+        "data": "eyJib28iOiAyMH0=",
+        "schema_id": "content_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "an empty object as a base64-encoded JSON document; validates true",
+        "data": "e30=",
+        "schema_id": "content_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "an empty array as a base64-encoded JSON document",
+        "data": "W10=",
+        "schema_id": "content_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "a validly-encoded invalid JSON document; validates true",
+        "data": "ezp9Cg==",
+        "schema_id": "content_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "an invalid base64 string that is valid JSON; validates true",
+        "data": "{}",
+        "schema_id": "content_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "ignores non-strings",
+        "data": 100,
+        "schema_id": "content_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+]

fixtures/dependencies.json

@@ -0,0 +1,748 @@
+[
+  {
+    "description": "single dependency (required)",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+          "$id": "schema1",
+          "dependencies": {
+            "bar": [
+              "foo"
+            ]
+          },
+          "extensible": true
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "neither",
+        "data": {},
+        "schema_id": "schema1",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "nondependant",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1
+        },
+        "schema_id": "schema1",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "with dependency",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1,
+          "bar": 2
+        },
+        "schema_id": "schema1",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "missing dependency",
+        "data": {
+          "bar": 2
+        },
+        "schema_id": "schema1",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "ignores arrays",
+        "data": [
+          "bar"
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "schema1",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "ignores strings",
+        "data": "foobar",
+        "schema_id": "schema1",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "ignores other non-objects",
+        "data": 12,
+        "schema_id": "schema1",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "empty dependents",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+          "$id": "schema2",
+          "dependencies": {
+            "bar": []
+          },
+          "extensible": true
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "empty object",
+        "data": {},
+        "schema_id": "schema2",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "object with one property",
+        "data": {
+          "bar": 2
+        },
+        "schema_id": "schema2",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "non-object is valid",
+        "data": 1,
+        "schema_id": "schema2",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "multiple dependents required",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+          "$id": "schema3",
+          "dependencies": {
+            "quux": [
+              "foo",
+              "bar"
+            ]
+          },
+          "extensible": true
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "neither",
+        "data": {},
+        "schema_id": "schema3",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "nondependants",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1,
+          "bar": 2
+        },
+        "schema_id": "schema3",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "with dependencies",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1,
+          "bar": 2,
+          "quux": 3
+        },
+        "schema_id": "schema3",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "missing dependency",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1,
+          "quux": 2
+        },
+        "schema_id": "schema3",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "missing other dependency",
+        "data": {
+          "bar": 1,
+          "quux": 2
+        },
+        "schema_id": "schema3",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "missing both dependencies",
+        "data": {
+          "quux": 1
+        },
+        "schema_id": "schema3",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "dependencies with escaped characters",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+          "$id": "schema4",
+          "dependencies": {
+            "foo\nbar": [
+              "foo\rbar"
+            ],
+            "foo\"bar": [
+              "foo'bar"
+            ]
+          },
+          "extensible": true
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "CRLF",
+        "data": {
+          "foo\nbar": 1,
+          "foo\rbar": 2
+        },
+        "schema_id": "schema4",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "quoted quotes",
+        "data": {
+          "foo'bar": 1,
+          "foo\"bar": 2
+        },
+        "schema_id": "schema4",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "CRLF missing dependent",
+        "data": {
+          "foo\nbar": 1,
+          "foo": 2
+        },
+        "schema_id": "schema4",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "quoted quotes missing dependent",
+        "data": {
+          "foo\"bar": 2
+        },
+        "schema_id": "schema4",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "extensible: true allows extra properties in dependentRequired",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+          "$id": "schema5",
+          "dependencies": {
+            "bar": [
+              "foo"
+            ]
+          },
+          "extensible": true
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "extra property is valid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1,
+          "bar": 2,
+          "baz": 3
+        },
+        "schema_id": "schema5",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "single dependency (schemas, STRICT)",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+          "$id": "schema_schema1",
+          "properties": {
+            "foo": true,
+            "bar": true
+          },
+          "dependencies": {
+            "bar": {
+              "properties": {
+                "foo": {
+                  "type": "integer"
+                },
+                "bar": {
+                  "type": "integer"
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "valid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1,
+          "bar": 2
+        },
+        "schema_id": "schema_schema1",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "no dependency",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": "quux"
+        },
+        "schema_id": "schema_schema1",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "wrong type",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": "quux",
+          "bar": 2
+        },
+        "schema_id": "schema_schema1",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "wrong type other",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 2,
+          "bar": "quux"
+        },
+        "schema_id": "schema_schema1",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "wrong type both",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": "quux",
+          "bar": "quux"
+        },
+        "schema_id": "schema_schema1",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "ignores arrays (invalid in strict mode)",
+        "data": [
+          "bar"
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "schema_schema1",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false,
+          "errors": [
+            {
+              "code": "STRICT_ITEM_VIOLATION"
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "ignores strings",
+        "data": "foobar",
+        "schema_id": "schema_schema1",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "ignores other non-objects",
+        "data": 12,
+        "schema_id": "schema_schema1",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "single dependency (schemas, EXTENSIBLE)",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+          "$id": "schema_schema2",
+          "properties": {
+            "foo": true,
+            "bar": true
+          },
+          "dependencies": {
+            "bar": {
+              "properties": {
+                "foo": {
+                  "type": "integer"
+                },
+                "bar": {
+                  "type": "integer"
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          "extensible": true
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "ignores arrays (valid in extensible mode)",
+        "data": [
+          "bar"
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "schema_schema2",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "boolean subschemas",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+          "$id": "schema_schema3",
+          "properties": {
+            "foo": true,
+            "bar": true
+          },
+          "dependencies": {
+            "foo": true,
+            "bar": false
+          }
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "object with property having schema true is valid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1
+        },
+        "schema_id": "schema_schema3",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "object with property having schema false is invalid",
+        "data": {
+          "bar": 2
+        },
+        "schema_id": "schema_schema3",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "object with both properties is invalid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1,
+          "bar": 2
+        },
+        "schema_id": "schema_schema3",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "empty object is valid",
+        "data": {},
+        "schema_id": "schema_schema3",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "dependencies with escaped characters",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+          "$id": "schema_schema4",
+          "properties": {
+            "foo\tbar": true,
+            "foo'bar": true,
+            "a": true,
+            "b": true,
+            "c": true
+          },
+          "dependencies": {
+            "foo\tbar": {
+              "minProperties": 4,
+              "extensible": true
+            },
+            "foo'bar": {
+              "required": [
+                "foo\"bar"
+              ]
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "quoted tab",
+        "data": {
+          "foo\tbar": 1,
+          "a": 2,
+          "b": 3,
+          "c": 4
+        },
+        "schema_id": "schema_schema4",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "quoted quote",
+        "data": {
+          "foo'bar": {
+            "foo\"bar": 1
+          }
+        },
+        "schema_id": "schema_schema4",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "quoted tab invalid under dependent schema",
+        "data": {
+          "foo\tbar": 1,
+          "a": 2
+        },
+        "schema_id": "schema_schema4",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "quoted quote invalid under dependent schema",
+        "data": {
+          "foo'bar": 1
+        },
+        "schema_id": "schema_schema4",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "dependent subschema incompatible with root (STRICT)",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+          "$id": "schema_schema5",
+          "properties": {
+            "foo": {},
+            "baz": true
+          },
+          "dependencies": {
+            "foo": {
+              "properties": {
+                "bar": {}
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "matches root",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1
+        },
+        "schema_id": "schema_schema5",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "matches dependency (invalid in strict mode - bar not allowed if foo missing)",
+        "data": {
+          "bar": 1
+        },
+        "schema_id": "schema_schema5",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false,
+          "errors": [
+            {
+              "code": "STRICT_PROPERTY_VIOLATION"
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "matches both",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1,
+          "bar": 2
+        },
+        "schema_id": "schema_schema5",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "no dependency",
+        "data": {
+          "baz": 1
+        },
+        "schema_id": "schema_schema5",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "dependent subschema incompatible with root (EXTENSIBLE)",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+          "$id": "schema_schema6",
+          "properties": {
+            "foo": {},
+            "baz": true
+          },
+          "dependencies": {
+            "foo": {
+              "properties": {
+                "bar": {}
+              },
+              "additionalProperties": false
+            }
+          },
+          "extensible": true
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "matches dependency (valid in extensible mode)",
+        "data": {
+          "bar": 1
+        },
+        "schema_id": "schema_schema6",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+]

fixtures/emptyString.json

@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+[
+  {
+    "description": "empty string is valid for all types (except const)",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "properties": {
+            "obj": {
+              "type": "object"
+            },
+            "arr": {
+              "type": "array"
+            },
+            "str": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "int": {
+              "type": "integer"
+            },
+            "num": {
+              "type": "number"
+            },
+            "bool": {
+              "type": "boolean"
+            },
+            "nul": {
+              "type": "null"
+            },
+            "fmt": {
+              "type": "string",
+              "format": "uuid"
+            },
+            "con": {
+              "const": "value"
+            },
+            "con_empty": {
+              "const": ""
+            }
+          },
+          "$id": "emptyString_0_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "empty string valid for object",
+        "data": {
+          "obj": ""
+        },
+        "schema_id": "emptyString_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "empty string valid for array",
+        "data": {
+          "arr": ""
+        },
+        "schema_id": "emptyString_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "empty string valid for string",
+        "data": {
+          "str": ""
+        },
+        "schema_id": "emptyString_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "empty string valid for integer",
+        "data": {
+          "int": ""
+        },
+        "schema_id": "emptyString_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "empty string valid for number",
+        "data": {
+          "num": ""
+        },
+        "schema_id": "emptyString_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "empty string valid for boolean",
+        "data": {
+          "bool": ""
+        },
+        "schema_id": "emptyString_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "empty string valid for null",
+        "data": {
+          "nul": ""
+        },
+        "schema_id": "emptyString_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "empty string valid for format",
+        "data": {
+          "fmt": ""
+        },
+        "schema_id": "emptyString_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "empty string INVALID for const (unless const is empty string)",
+        "data": {
+          "con": ""
+        },
+        "schema_id": "emptyString_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false,
+          "errors": [
+            {
+              "code": "CONST_VIOLATED",
+              "path": "/con"
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "empty string VALID for const if const IS empty string",
+        "data": {
+          "con_empty": ""
+        },
+        "schema_id": "emptyString_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+]

fixtures/enum.json

@@ -0,0 +1,736 @@
+[
+  {
+    "description": "simple enum validation",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "enum": [
+            1,
+            2,
+            3
+          ],
+          "$id": "enum_0_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "one of the enum is valid",
+        "data": 1,
+        "schema_id": "enum_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "something else is invalid",
+        "data": 4,
+        "schema_id": "enum_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "heterogeneous enum validation",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "enum": [
+            6,
+            "foo",
+            [],
+            true,
+            {
+              "foo": 12
+            }
+          ],
+          "properties": {
+            "foo": {}
+          },
+          "$id": "enum_1_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "one of the enum is valid",
+        "data": [],
+        "schema_id": "enum_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "something else is invalid",
+        "data": null,
+        "schema_id": "enum_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "objects are deep compared",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": false
+        },
+        "schema_id": "enum_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "valid object matches",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 12
+        },
+        "schema_id": "enum_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "extra properties in object is invalid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 12,
+          "boo": 42
+        },
+        "schema_id": "enum_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "heterogeneous enum-with-null validation",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "enum": [
+            6,
+            null
+          ],
+          "$id": "enum_2_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "null is valid",
+        "data": null,
+        "schema_id": "enum_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "number is valid",
+        "data": 6,
+        "schema_id": "enum_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "something else is invalid",
+        "data": "test",
+        "schema_id": "enum_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "enums in properties",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "foo": {
+              "enum": [
+                "foo"
+              ]
+            },
+            "bar": {
+              "enum": [
+                "bar"
+              ]
+            }
+          },
+          "required": [
+            "bar"
+          ],
+          "$id": "enum_3_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "both properties are valid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": "foo",
+          "bar": "bar"
+        },
+        "schema_id": "enum_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "wrong foo value",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": "foot",
+          "bar": "bar"
+        },
+        "schema_id": "enum_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "wrong bar value",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": "foo",
+          "bar": "bart"
+        },
+        "schema_id": "enum_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "missing optional property is valid",
+        "data": {
+          "bar": "bar"
+        },
+        "schema_id": "enum_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "missing required property is invalid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": "foo"
+        },
+        "schema_id": "enum_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "missing all properties is invalid",
+        "data": {},
+        "schema_id": "enum_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "enum with escaped characters",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "enum": [
+            "foo\nbar",
+            "foo\rbar"
+          ],
+          "$id": "enum_4_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "member 1 is valid",
+        "data": "foo\nbar",
+        "schema_id": "enum_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "member 2 is valid",
+        "data": "foo\rbar",
+        "schema_id": "enum_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "another string is invalid",
+        "data": "abc",
+        "schema_id": "enum_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "enum with false does not match 0",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "enum": [
+            false
+          ],
+          "$id": "enum_5_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "false is valid",
+        "data": false,
+        "schema_id": "enum_5_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "integer zero is invalid",
+        "data": 0,
+        "schema_id": "enum_5_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "float zero is invalid",
+        "data": 0,
+        "schema_id": "enum_5_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "enum with [false] does not match [0]",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "enum": [
+            [
+              false
+            ]
+          ],
+          "$id": "enum_6_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "[false] is valid",
+        "data": [
+          false
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "enum_6_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "[0] is invalid",
+        "data": [
+          0
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "enum_6_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "[0.0] is invalid",
+        "data": [
+          0
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "enum_6_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "enum with true does not match 1",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "enum": [
+            true
+          ],
+          "$id": "enum_7_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "true is valid",
+        "data": true,
+        "schema_id": "enum_7_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "integer one is invalid",
+        "data": 1,
+        "schema_id": "enum_7_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "float one is invalid",
+        "data": 1,
+        "schema_id": "enum_7_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "enum with [true] does not match [1]",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "enum": [
+            [
+              true
+            ]
+          ],
+          "$id": "enum_8_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "[true] is valid",
+        "data": [
+          true
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "enum_8_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "[1] is invalid",
+        "data": [
+          1
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "enum_8_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "[1.0] is invalid",
+        "data": [
+          1
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "enum_8_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "enum with 0 does not match false",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "enum": [
+            0
+          ],
+          "$id": "enum_9_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "false is invalid",
+        "data": false,
+        "schema_id": "enum_9_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "integer zero is valid",
+        "data": 0,
+        "schema_id": "enum_9_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "float zero is valid",
+        "data": 0,
+        "schema_id": "enum_9_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "enum with [0] does not match [false]",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "enum": [
+            [
+              0
+            ]
+          ],
+          "$id": "enum_10_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "[false] is invalid",
+        "data": [
+          false
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "enum_10_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "[0] is valid",
+        "data": [
+          0
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "enum_10_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "[0.0] is valid",
+        "data": [
+          0
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "enum_10_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "enum with 1 does not match true",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "enum": [
+            1
+          ],
+          "$id": "enum_11_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "true is invalid",
+        "data": true,
+        "schema_id": "enum_11_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "integer one is valid",
+        "data": 1,
+        "schema_id": "enum_11_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "float one is valid",
+        "data": 1,
+        "schema_id": "enum_11_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "enum with [1] does not match [true]",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "enum": [
+            [
+              1
+            ]
+          ],
+          "$id": "enum_12_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "[true] is invalid",
+        "data": [
+          true
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "enum_12_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "[1] is valid",
+        "data": [
+          1
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "enum_12_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "[1.0] is valid",
+        "data": [
+          1
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "enum_12_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "nul characters in strings",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "enum": [
+            "hello\u0000there"
+          ],
+          "$id": "enum_13_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "match string with nul",
+        "data": "hello\u0000there",
+        "schema_id": "enum_13_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "do not match string lacking nul",
+        "data": "hellothere",
+        "schema_id": "enum_13_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "extensible: true allows extra properties in enum object match",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "enum": [
+            {
+              "foo": 1
+            }
+          ],
+          "extensible": true,
+          "$id": "enum_14_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "extra property ignored during strict check, but enum check still applies (mismatch here)",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1,
+          "bar": 2
+        },
+        "schema_id": "enum_14_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "extra property ignored during strict check, enum match succeeds",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1
+        },
+        "schema_id": "enum_14_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+]

fixtures/exclusiveMaximum.json

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+[
+  {
+    "description": "exclusiveMaximum validation",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "exclusiveMaximum": 3,
+          "$id": "exclusiveMaximum_0_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "below the exclusiveMaximum is valid",
+        "data": 2.2,
+        "schema_id": "exclusiveMaximum_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "boundary point is invalid",
+        "data": 3,
+        "schema_id": "exclusiveMaximum_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "above the exclusiveMaximum is invalid",
+        "data": 3.5,
+        "schema_id": "exclusiveMaximum_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "ignores non-numbers",
+        "data": "x",
+        "schema_id": "exclusiveMaximum_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+]

fixtures/exclusiveMinimum.json

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+[
+  {
+    "description": "exclusiveMinimum validation",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "exclusiveMinimum": 1.1,
+          "$id": "exclusiveMinimum_0_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "above the exclusiveMinimum is valid",
+        "data": 1.2,
+        "schema_id": "exclusiveMinimum_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "boundary point is invalid",
+        "data": 1.1,
+        "schema_id": "exclusiveMinimum_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "below the exclusiveMinimum is invalid",
+        "data": 0.6,
+        "schema_id": "exclusiveMinimum_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "ignores non-numbers",
+        "data": "x",
+        "schema_id": "exclusiveMinimum_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+]

fixtures/families.json

@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+[
+  {
+    "description": "Entity families via pure $ref graph",
+    "database": {
+      "types": [
+        {
+          "name": "entity",
+          "variations": [
+            "entity",
+            "organization",
+            "person"
+          ],
+          "schemas": [
+            {
+              "$id": "entity",
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "id": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                },
+                "type": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            {
+              "$id": "light.entity",
+              "$ref": "entity"
+            }
+          ]
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "organization",
+          "variations": [
+            "organization",
+            "person"
+          ],
+          "schemas": [
+            {
+              "$id": "organization",
+              "$ref": "entity",
+              "properties": {
+                "name": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          ]
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "person",
+          "variations": [
+            "person"
+          ],
+          "schemas": [
+            {
+              "$id": "person",
+              "$ref": "organization",
+              "properties": {
+                "first_name": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            {
+              "$id": "light.person",
+              "$ref": "light.entity"
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      ],
+      "puncs": [
+        {
+          "name": "get_entities",
+          "schemas": [
+            {
+              "$id": "get_entities.response",
+              "$family": "entity"
+            }
+          ]
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "get_light_entities",
+          "schemas": [
+            {
+              "$id": "get_light_entities.response",
+              "$family": "light.entity"
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "Family matches base entity",
+        "schema_id": "get_entities.response",
+        "data": {
+          "id": "1",
+          "type": "entity"
+        },
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "Family matches descendant person",
+        "schema_id": "get_entities.response",
+        "data": {
+          "id": "2",
+          "type": "person",
+          "name": "ACME",
+          "first_name": "John"
+        },
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "Graph family matches light.entity",
+        "schema_id": "get_light_entities.response",
+        "data": {
+          "id": "3",
+          "type": "entity"
+        },
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "Graph family matches light.person (because it $refs light.entity)",
+        "schema_id": "get_light_entities.response",
+        "data": {
+          "id": "4",
+          "type": "person"
+        },
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "Graph family excludes organization (missing light. schema that $refs light.entity)",
+        "schema_id": "get_light_entities.response",
+        "data": {
+          "id": "5",
+          "type": "organization",
+          "name": "ACME"
+        },
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false,
+          "errors": [
+            {
+              "code": "FAMILY_MISMATCH",
+              "path": ""
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "Ad-hoc non-entity families (using normal json-schema object structures)",
+    "database": {
+      "puncs": [
+        {
+          "name": "get_widgets",
+          "schemas": [
+            {
+              "$id": "widget",
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "id": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                },
+                "widget_type": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            {
+              "$id": "special_widget",
+              "$ref": "widget",
+              "properties": {
+                "special_feature": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            {
+              "$id": "get_widgets.response",
+              "$family": "widget"
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "Ad-hoc family matches strictly by shape (no magic variations for base schemas)",
+        "schema_id": "get_widgets.response",
+        "data": {
+          "id": "1",
+          "widget_type": "special",
+          "special_feature": "yes"
+        },
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+]

fixtures/if-then-else.json

@@ -0,0 +1,594 @@
+[
+  {
+    "description": "ignore if without then or else",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "if": {
+            "const": 0
+          },
+          "$id": "if-then-else_0_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "valid when valid against lone if",
+        "data": 0,
+        "schema_id": "if-then-else_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "valid when invalid against lone if",
+        "data": "hello",
+        "schema_id": "if-then-else_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "ignore then without if",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "then": {
+            "const": 0
+          },
+          "$id": "if-then-else_1_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "valid when valid against lone then",
+        "data": 0,
+        "schema_id": "if-then-else_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "valid when invalid against lone then",
+        "data": "hello",
+        "schema_id": "if-then-else_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "ignore else without if",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "else": {
+            "const": 0
+          },
+          "$id": "if-then-else_2_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "valid when valid against lone else",
+        "data": 0,
+        "schema_id": "if-then-else_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "valid when invalid against lone else",
+        "data": "hello",
+        "schema_id": "if-then-else_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "if and then without else",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "if": {
+            "exclusiveMaximum": 0
+          },
+          "then": {
+            "minimum": -10
+          },
+          "$id": "if-then-else_3_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "valid through then",
+        "data": -1,
+        "schema_id": "if-then-else_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "invalid through then",
+        "data": -100,
+        "schema_id": "if-then-else_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "valid when if test fails",
+        "data": 3,
+        "schema_id": "if-then-else_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "if and else without then",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "if": {
+            "exclusiveMaximum": 0
+          },
+          "else": {
+            "multipleOf": 2
+          },
+          "$id": "if-then-else_4_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "valid when if test passes",
+        "data": -1,
+        "schema_id": "if-then-else_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "valid through else",
+        "data": 4,
+        "schema_id": "if-then-else_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "invalid through else",
+        "data": 3,
+        "schema_id": "if-then-else_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "validate against correct branch, then vs else",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "if": {
+            "exclusiveMaximum": 0
+          },
+          "then": {
+            "minimum": -10
+          },
+          "else": {
+            "multipleOf": 2
+          },
+          "$id": "if-then-else_5_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "valid through then",
+        "data": -1,
+        "schema_id": "if-then-else_5_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "invalid through then",
+        "data": -100,
+        "schema_id": "if-then-else_5_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "valid through else",
+        "data": 4,
+        "schema_id": "if-then-else_5_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "invalid through else",
+        "data": 3,
+        "schema_id": "if-then-else_5_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "non-interference across combined schemas",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "allOf": [
+            {
+              "if": {
+                "exclusiveMaximum": 0
+              }
+            },
+            {
+              "then": {
+                "minimum": -10
+              }
+            },
+            {
+              "else": {
+                "multipleOf": 2
+              }
+            }
+          ],
+          "$id": "if-then-else_6_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "valid, but would have been invalid through then",
+        "data": -100,
+        "schema_id": "if-then-else_6_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "valid, but would have been invalid through else",
+        "data": 3,
+        "schema_id": "if-then-else_6_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "if with boolean schema true",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "if": true,
+          "then": {
+            "const": "then"
+          },
+          "else": {
+            "const": "else"
+          },
+          "$id": "if-then-else_7_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "boolean schema true in if always chooses the then path (valid)",
+        "data": "then",
+        "schema_id": "if-then-else_7_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "boolean schema true in if always chooses the then path (invalid)",
+        "data": "else",
+        "schema_id": "if-then-else_7_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "if with boolean schema false",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "if": false,
+          "then": {
+            "const": "then"
+          },
+          "else": {
+            "const": "else"
+          },
+          "$id": "if-then-else_8_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "boolean schema false in if always chooses the else path (invalid)",
+        "data": "then",
+        "schema_id": "if-then-else_8_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "boolean schema false in if always chooses the else path (valid)",
+        "data": "else",
+        "schema_id": "if-then-else_8_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "if appears at the end when serialized (keyword processing sequence)",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "then": {
+            "const": "yes"
+          },
+          "else": {
+            "const": "other"
+          },
+          "if": {
+            "maxLength": 4
+          },
+          "$id": "if-then-else_9_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "yes redirects to then and passes",
+        "data": "yes",
+        "schema_id": "if-then-else_9_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "other redirects to else and passes",
+        "data": "other",
+        "schema_id": "if-then-else_9_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "no redirects to then and fails",
+        "data": "no",
+        "schema_id": "if-then-else_9_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "invalid redirects to else and fails",
+        "data": "invalid",
+        "schema_id": "if-then-else_9_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "then: false fails when condition matches",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "if": {
+            "const": 1
+          },
+          "then": false,
+          "$id": "if-then-else_10_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "matches if → then=false → invalid",
+        "data": 1,
+        "schema_id": "if-then-else_10_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "does not match if → then ignored → valid",
+        "data": 2,
+        "schema_id": "if-then-else_10_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "else: false fails when condition does not match",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "if": {
+            "const": 1
+          },
+          "else": false,
+          "$id": "if-then-else_11_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "matches if → else ignored → valid",
+        "data": 1,
+        "schema_id": "if-then-else_11_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "does not match if → else executes → invalid",
+        "data": 2,
+        "schema_id": "if-then-else_11_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "extensible: true allows extra properties in if-then-else",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "if": {
+            "properties": {
+              "foo": {
+                "const": 1
+              }
+            },
+            "required": [
+              "foo"
+            ]
+          },
+          "then": {
+            "properties": {
+              "bar": {
+                "const": 2
+              }
+            },
+            "required": [
+              "bar"
+            ]
+          },
+          "extensible": true,
+          "$id": "if-then-else_12_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "extra property is valid (matches if and then)",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1,
+          "bar": 2,
+          "extra": "prop"
+        },
+        "schema_id": "if-then-else_12_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "strict by default with if-then properties",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "if": {
+            "properties": {
+              "foo": {
+                "const": 1
+              }
+            },
+            "required": [
+              "foo"
+            ]
+          },
+          "then": {
+            "properties": {
+              "bar": {
+                "const": 2
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          "$id": "if-then-else_13_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "valid match (foo + bar)",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1,
+          "bar": 2
+        },
+        "schema_id": "if-then-else_13_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "fails on extra property z explicitly",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1,
+          "bar": 2,
+          "z": 3
+        },
+        "schema_id": "if-then-else_13_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+]

fixtures/items.json

@@ -0,0 +1,966 @@
+[
+  {
+    "description": "a schema given for items",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "items": {
+            "type": "integer"
+          },
+          "$id": "items_0_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "valid items",
+        "data": [
+          1,
+          2,
+          3
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "items_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "wrong type of items",
+        "data": [
+          1,
+          "x"
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "items_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "non-arrays are invalid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": "bar"
+        },
+        "schema_id": "items_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "JavaScript pseudo-arrays are invalid",
+        "data": {
+          "0": "invalid",
+          "length": 1
+        },
+        "schema_id": "items_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "items with boolean schema (true)",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "items": true,
+          "$id": "items_1_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "any array is valid",
+        "data": [
+          1,
+          "foo",
+          true
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "items_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "empty array is valid",
+        "data": [],
+        "schema_id": "items_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "items with boolean schema (false)",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "items": false,
+          "$id": "items_2_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "any non-empty array is invalid",
+        "data": [
+          1,
+          "foo",
+          true
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "items_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "empty array is valid",
+        "data": [],
+        "schema_id": "items_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "items and subitems",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": false,
+          "prefixItems": [
+            {
+              "$ref": "item"
+            },
+            {
+              "$ref": "item"
+            },
+            {
+              "$ref": "item"
+            }
+          ],
+          "$id": "items_3_0"
+        },
+        {
+          "$id": "item",
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": false,
+          "prefixItems": [
+            {
+              "$ref": "sub-item"
+            },
+            {
+              "$ref": "sub-item"
+            }
+          ]
+        },
+        {
+          "$id": "sub-item",
+          "type": "object",
+          "required": [
+            "foo"
+          ]
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "valid items",
+        "data": [
+          [
+            {
+              "foo": null
+            },
+            {
+              "foo": null
+            }
+          ],
+          [
+            {
+              "foo": null
+            },
+            {
+              "foo": null
+            }
+          ],
+          [
+            {
+              "foo": null
+            },
+            {
+              "foo": null
+            }
+          ]
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "items_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "too many items",
+        "data": [
+          [
+            {
+              "foo": null
+            },
+            {
+              "foo": null
+            }
+          ],
+          [
+            {
+              "foo": null
+            },
+            {
+              "foo": null
+            }
+          ],
+          [
+            {
+              "foo": null
+            },
+            {
+              "foo": null
+            }
+          ],
+          [
+            {
+              "foo": null
+            },
+            {
+              "foo": null
+            }
+          ]
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "items_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "too many sub-items",
+        "data": [
+          [
+            {
+              "foo": null
+            },
+            {
+              "foo": null
+            },
+            {
+              "foo": null
+            }
+          ],
+          [
+            {
+              "foo": null
+            },
+            {
+              "foo": null
+            }
+          ],
+          [
+            {
+              "foo": null
+            },
+            {
+              "foo": null
+            }
+          ]
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "items_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "wrong item",
+        "data": [
+          {
+            "foo": null
+          },
+          [
+            {
+              "foo": null
+            },
+            {
+              "foo": null
+            }
+          ],
+          [
+            {
+              "foo": null
+            },
+            {
+              "foo": null
+            }
+          ]
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "items_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "wrong sub-item",
+        "data": [
+          [
+            {},
+            {
+              "foo": null
+            }
+          ],
+          [
+            {
+              "foo": null
+            },
+            {
+              "foo": null
+            }
+          ],
+          [
+            {
+              "foo": null
+            },
+            {
+              "foo": null
+            }
+          ]
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "items_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "fewer items is invalid",
+        "data": [
+          [
+            {
+              "foo": null
+            }
+          ],
+          [
+            {
+              "foo": null
+            }
+          ]
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "items_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "nested items",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "type": "array",
+            "items": {
+              "type": "array",
+              "items": {
+                "type": "array",
+                "items": {
+                  "type": "number"
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          "$id": "items_4_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "valid nested array",
+        "data": [
+          [
+            [
+              [
+                1
+              ]
+            ],
+            [
+              [
+                2
+              ],
+              [
+                3
+              ]
+            ]
+          ],
+          [
+            [
+              [
+                4
+              ],
+              [
+                5
+              ],
+              [
+                6
+              ]
+            ]
+          ]
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "items_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "nested array with invalid type",
+        "data": [
+          [
+            [
+              [
+                "1"
+              ]
+            ],
+            [
+              [
+                2
+              ],
+              [
+                3
+              ]
+            ]
+          ],
+          [
+            [
+              [
+                4
+              ],
+              [
+                5
+              ],
+              [
+                6
+              ]
+            ]
+          ]
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "items_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "not deep enough",
+        "data": [
+          [
+            [
+              1
+            ],
+            [
+              2
+            ],
+            [
+              3
+            ]
+          ],
+          [
+            [
+              4
+            ],
+            [
+              5
+            ],
+            [
+              6
+            ]
+          ]
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "items_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "prefixItems with no additional items allowed",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "prefixItems": [
+            {},
+            {},
+            {}
+          ],
+          "items": false,
+          "$id": "items_5_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "empty array",
+        "data": [],
+        "schema_id": "items_5_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "fewer number of items present (1)",
+        "data": [
+          1
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "items_5_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "fewer number of items present (2)",
+        "data": [
+          1,
+          2
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "items_5_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "equal number of items present",
+        "data": [
+          1,
+          2,
+          3
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "items_5_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "additional items are not permitted",
+        "data": [
+          1,
+          2,
+          3,
+          4
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "items_5_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "items does not look in applicators, valid case",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "allOf": [
+            {
+              "prefixItems": [
+                {
+                  "minimum": 3
+                }
+              ]
+            }
+          ],
+          "items": {
+            "minimum": 5
+          },
+          "$id": "items_6_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "prefixItems in allOf does not constrain items, invalid case",
+        "data": [
+          3,
+          5
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "items_6_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "prefixItems in allOf does not constrain items, valid case",
+        "data": [
+          5,
+          5
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "items_6_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "prefixItems validation adjusts the starting index for items",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "prefixItems": [
+            {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          ],
+          "items": {
+            "type": "integer"
+          },
+          "$id": "items_7_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "valid items",
+        "data": [
+          "x",
+          2,
+          3
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "items_7_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "wrong type of second item",
+        "data": [
+          "x",
+          "y"
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "items_7_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "items with heterogeneous array",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "prefixItems": [
+            {}
+          ],
+          "items": false,
+          "$id": "items_8_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "heterogeneous invalid instance",
+        "data": [
+          "foo",
+          "bar",
+          37
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "items_8_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "valid instance",
+        "data": [
+          null
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "items_8_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "items with null instance elements",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "items": {
+            "type": "null"
+          },
+          "$id": "items_9_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "allows null elements",
+        "data": [
+          null
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "items_9_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "extensible: true allows extra items (when items is false)",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "items": false,
+          "extensible": true,
+          "$id": "items_10_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "extra item is valid",
+        "data": [
+          1
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "items_10_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "extensible: true allows extra properties for items",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "items": {
+            "minimum": 5
+          },
+          "extensible": true,
+          "$id": "items_11_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "valid item is valid",
+        "data": [
+          5,
+          6
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "items_11_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "invalid item (less than min) is invalid even with extensible: true",
+        "data": [
+          4
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "items_11_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "array: simple extensible array",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "type": "array",
+          "extensible": true,
+          "$id": "items_12_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "empty array is valid",
+        "data": [],
+        "schema_id": "items_12_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "array with items is valid (extensible)",
+        "data": [
+          1,
+          "foo"
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "items_12_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "array: strict array",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "type": "array",
+          "extensible": false,
+          "$id": "items_13_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "empty array is valid",
+        "data": [],
+        "schema_id": "items_13_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "array with items is invalid (strict)",
+        "data": [
+          1
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "items_13_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "array: items extensible",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "extensible": true
+          },
+          "$id": "items_14_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "empty array is valid",
+        "data": [],
+        "schema_id": "items_14_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "array with items is valid (items explicitly allowed to be anything extensible)",
+        "data": [
+          1,
+          "foo",
+          {}
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "items_14_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "array: items strict",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "type": "object",
+            "extensible": false
+          },
+          "$id": "items_15_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "empty array is valid (empty objects)",
+        "data": [
+          {}
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "items_15_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "array with strict object items is valid",
+        "data": [
+          {}
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "items_15_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "array with invalid strict object items (extra property)",
+        "data": [
+          {
+            "extra": 1
+          }
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "items_15_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+]

fixtures/maxContains.json

@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+[
+  {
+    "description": "maxContains without contains is ignored",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "maxContains": 1,
+          "extensible": true,
+          "$id": "maxContains_0_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "one item valid against lone maxContains",
+        "data": [
+          1
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "maxContains_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "two items still valid against lone maxContains",
+        "data": [
+          1,
+          2
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "maxContains_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "maxContains with contains",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "contains": {
+            "const": 1
+          },
+          "maxContains": 1,
+          "extensible": true,
+          "$id": "maxContains_1_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "empty data",
+        "data": [],
+        "schema_id": "maxContains_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "all elements match, valid maxContains",
+        "data": [
+          1
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "maxContains_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "all elements match, invalid maxContains",
+        "data": [
+          1,
+          1
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "maxContains_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "some elements match, valid maxContains",
+        "data": [
+          1,
+          2
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "maxContains_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "some elements match, invalid maxContains",
+        "data": [
+          1,
+          2,
+          1
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "maxContains_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "maxContains with contains, value with a decimal",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "contains": {
+            "const": 1
+          },
+          "maxContains": 1,
+          "extensible": true,
+          "$id": "maxContains_2_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "one element matches, valid maxContains",
+        "data": [
+          1
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "maxContains_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "too many elements match, invalid maxContains",
+        "data": [
+          1,
+          1
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "maxContains_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "minContains < maxContains",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "contains": {
+            "const": 1
+          },
+          "minContains": 1,
+          "maxContains": 3,
+          "extensible": true,
+          "$id": "maxContains_3_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "actual < minContains < maxContains",
+        "data": [],
+        "schema_id": "maxContains_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "minContains < actual < maxContains",
+        "data": [
+          1,
+          1
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "maxContains_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "minContains < maxContains < actual",
+        "data": [
+          1,
+          1,
+          1,
+          1
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "maxContains_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "extensible: true allows non-matching items in maxContains",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "contains": {
+            "const": 1
+          },
+          "maxContains": 1,
+          "extensible": true,
+          "$id": "maxContains_4_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "extra items disregarded for maxContains",
+        "data": [
+          1,
+          2
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "maxContains_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+]

fixtures/maxItems.json

@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+[
+  {
+    "description": "maxItems validation",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "maxItems": 2,
+          "extensible": true,
+          "$id": "maxItems_0_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "shorter is valid",
+        "data": [
+          1
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "maxItems_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "exact length is valid",
+        "data": [
+          1,
+          2
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "maxItems_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "too long is invalid",
+        "data": [
+          1,
+          2,
+          3
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "maxItems_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "ignores non-arrays",
+        "data": "foobar",
+        "schema_id": "maxItems_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "maxItems validation with a decimal",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "maxItems": 2,
+          "extensible": true,
+          "$id": "maxItems_1_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "shorter is valid",
+        "data": [
+          1
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "maxItems_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "too long is invalid",
+        "data": [
+          1,
+          2,
+          3
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "maxItems_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "extensible: true allows extra items in maxItems (but counted)",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "maxItems": 2,
+          "extensible": true,
+          "$id": "maxItems_2_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "extra item counted towards maxItems",
+        "data": [
+          1,
+          2,
+          3
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "maxItems_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+]

fixtures/maxLength.json

@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+[
+  {
+    "description": "maxLength validation",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "maxLength": 2,
+          "$id": "maxLength_0_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "shorter is valid",
+        "data": "f",
+        "schema_id": "maxLength_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "exact length is valid",
+        "data": "fo",
+        "schema_id": "maxLength_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "too long is invalid",
+        "data": "foo",
+        "schema_id": "maxLength_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "ignores non-strings",
+        "data": 100,
+        "schema_id": "maxLength_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "two graphemes is long enough",
+        "data": "💩💩",
+        "schema_id": "maxLength_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "maxLength validation with a decimal",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "maxLength": 2,
+          "$id": "maxLength_1_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "shorter is valid",
+        "data": "f",
+        "schema_id": "maxLength_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "too long is invalid",
+        "data": "foo",
+        "schema_id": "maxLength_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+]

fixtures/maxProperties.json

@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+[
+  {
+    "description": "maxProperties validation",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "maxProperties": 2,
+          "extensible": true,
+          "$id": "maxProperties_0_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "shorter is valid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1
+        },
+        "schema_id": "maxProperties_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "exact length is valid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1,
+          "bar": 2
+        },
+        "schema_id": "maxProperties_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "too long is invalid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1,
+          "bar": 2,
+          "baz": 3
+        },
+        "schema_id": "maxProperties_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "ignores arrays",
+        "data": [
+          1,
+          2,
+          3
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "maxProperties_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "ignores strings",
+        "data": "foobar",
+        "schema_id": "maxProperties_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "ignores other non-objects",
+        "data": 12,
+        "schema_id": "maxProperties_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "maxProperties validation with a decimal",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "maxProperties": 2,
+          "extensible": true,
+          "$id": "maxProperties_1_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "shorter is valid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1
+        },
+        "schema_id": "maxProperties_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "too long is invalid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1,
+          "bar": 2,
+          "baz": 3
+        },
+        "schema_id": "maxProperties_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "maxProperties = 0 means the object is empty",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "maxProperties": 0,
+          "extensible": true,
+          "$id": "maxProperties_2_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "no properties is valid",
+        "data": {},
+        "schema_id": "maxProperties_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "one property is invalid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1
+        },
+        "schema_id": "maxProperties_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "extensible: true allows extra properties in maxProperties (though maxProperties still counts them!)",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "maxProperties": 2,
+          "extensible": true,
+          "$id": "maxProperties_3_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "extra property is counted towards maxProperties",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1,
+          "bar": 2,
+          "baz": 3
+        },
+        "schema_id": "maxProperties_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "extra property is valid if below maxProperties",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1
+        },
+        "schema_id": "maxProperties_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+]

fixtures/maximum.json

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+[
+  {
+    "description": "maximum validation",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "maximum": 3,
+          "$id": "maximum_0_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "below the maximum is valid",
+        "data": 2.6,
+        "schema_id": "maximum_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "boundary point is valid",
+        "data": 3,
+        "schema_id": "maximum_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "above the maximum is invalid",
+        "data": 3.5,
+        "schema_id": "maximum_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "ignores non-numbers",
+        "data": "x",
+        "schema_id": "maximum_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "maximum validation with unsigned integer",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "maximum": 300,
+          "$id": "maximum_1_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "below the maximum is invalid",
+        "data": 299.97,
+        "schema_id": "maximum_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "boundary point integer is valid",
+        "data": 300,
+        "schema_id": "maximum_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "boundary point float is valid",
+        "data": 300,
+        "schema_id": "maximum_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "above the maximum is invalid",
+        "data": 300.5,
+        "schema_id": "maximum_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+]

fixtures/merge.json

@@ -0,0 +1,274 @@
+[
+  {
+    "description": "merging: properties accumulate",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "$id": "base_0",
+          "properties": {
+            "base_prop": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "$ref": "base_0",
+          "properties": {
+            "child_prop": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          },
+          "$id": "merge_0_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "valid with both properties",
+        "data": {
+          "base_prop": "a",
+          "child_prop": "b"
+        },
+        "schema_id": "merge_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "invalid when base property has wrong type",
+        "data": {
+          "base_prop": 1,
+          "child_prop": "b"
+        },
+        "schema_id": "merge_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false,
+          "errors": [
+            {
+              "code": "TYPE_MISMATCH",
+              "path": "/base_prop"
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "merging: required fields accumulate",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "$id": "base_1",
+          "properties": {
+            "a": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          },
+          "required": [
+            "a"
+          ]
+        },
+        {
+          "$ref": "base_1",
+          "properties": {
+            "b": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          },
+          "required": [
+            "b"
+          ],
+          "$id": "merge_1_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "valid when both present",
+        "data": {
+          "a": "ok",
+          "b": "ok"
+        },
+        "schema_id": "merge_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "invalid when base required missing",
+        "data": {
+          "b": "ok"
+        },
+        "schema_id": "merge_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false,
+          "errors": [
+            {
+              "code": "REQUIRED_FIELD_MISSING",
+              "path": "/a"
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "invalid when child required missing",
+        "data": {
+          "a": "ok"
+        },
+        "schema_id": "merge_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false,
+          "errors": [
+            {
+              "code": "REQUIRED_FIELD_MISSING",
+              "path": "/b"
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "merging: dependencies accumulate",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "$id": "base_2",
+          "properties": {
+            "trigger": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "base_dep": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          },
+          "dependencies": {
+            "trigger": [
+              "base_dep"
+            ]
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "$ref": "base_2",
+          "properties": {
+            "child_dep": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          },
+          "dependencies": {
+            "trigger": [
+              "child_dep"
+            ]
+          },
+          "$id": "merge_2_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "valid with all deps",
+        "data": {
+          "trigger": "go",
+          "base_dep": "ok",
+          "child_dep": "ok"
+        },
+        "schema_id": "merge_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "invalid missing base dep",
+        "data": {
+          "trigger": "go",
+          "child_dep": "ok"
+        },
+        "schema_id": "merge_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false,
+          "errors": [
+            {
+              "code": "DEPENDENCY_FAILED",
+              "path": "/base_dep"
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "invalid missing child dep",
+        "data": {
+          "trigger": "go",
+          "base_dep": "ok"
+        },
+        "schema_id": "merge_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false,
+          "errors": [
+            {
+              "code": "DEPENDENCY_FAILED",
+              "path": "/child_dep"
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "merging: form and display do NOT merge",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "$id": "base_3",
+          "properties": {
+            "a": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "b": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          },
+          "form": [
+            "a",
+            "b"
+          ]
+        },
+        {
+          "$ref": "base_3",
+          "properties": {
+            "c": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          },
+          "form": [
+            "c"
+          ],
+          "$id": "merge_3_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "child schema validation",
+        "data": {
+          "a": "ok",
+          "b": "ok",
+          "c": "ok"
+        },
+        "comment": "Verifies validator handles the unmerged metadata correctly (ignores it or handles replacement)",
+        "schema_id": "merge_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+]

fixtures/minContains.json

@@ -0,0 +1,477 @@
+[
+  {
+    "description": "minContains without contains is ignored",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "minContains": 1,
+          "extensible": true,
+          "$id": "minContains_0_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "one item valid against lone minContains",
+        "data": [
+          1
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "minContains_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "zero items still valid against lone minContains",
+        "data": [],
+        "schema_id": "minContains_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "minContains=1 with contains",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "contains": {
+            "const": 1
+          },
+          "minContains": 1,
+          "extensible": true,
+          "$id": "minContains_1_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "empty data",
+        "data": [],
+        "schema_id": "minContains_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "no elements match",
+        "data": [
+          2
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "minContains_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "single element matches, valid minContains",
+        "data": [
+          1
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "minContains_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "some elements match, valid minContains",
+        "data": [
+          1,
+          2
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "minContains_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "all elements match, valid minContains",
+        "data": [
+          1,
+          1
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "minContains_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "minContains=2 with contains",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "contains": {
+            "const": 1
+          },
+          "minContains": 2,
+          "extensible": true,
+          "$id": "minContains_2_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "empty data",
+        "data": [],
+        "schema_id": "minContains_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "all elements match, invalid minContains",
+        "data": [
+          1
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "minContains_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "some elements match, invalid minContains",
+        "data": [
+          1,
+          2
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "minContains_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "all elements match, valid minContains (exactly as needed)",
+        "data": [
+          1,
+          1
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "minContains_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "all elements match, valid minContains (more than needed)",
+        "data": [
+          1,
+          1,
+          1
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "minContains_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "some elements match, valid minContains",
+        "data": [
+          1,
+          2,
+          1
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "minContains_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "minContains=2 with contains with a decimal value",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "contains": {
+            "const": 1
+          },
+          "minContains": 2,
+          "extensible": true,
+          "$id": "minContains_3_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "one element matches, invalid minContains",
+        "data": [
+          1
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "minContains_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "both elements match, valid minContains",
+        "data": [
+          1,
+          1
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "minContains_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "maxContains = minContains",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "contains": {
+            "const": 1
+          },
+          "maxContains": 2,
+          "minContains": 2,
+          "extensible": true,
+          "$id": "minContains_4_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "empty data",
+        "data": [],
+        "schema_id": "minContains_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "all elements match, invalid minContains",
+        "data": [
+          1
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "minContains_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "all elements match, invalid maxContains",
+        "data": [
+          1,
+          1,
+          1
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "minContains_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "all elements match, valid maxContains and minContains",
+        "data": [
+          1,
+          1
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "minContains_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "maxContains < minContains",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "contains": {
+            "const": 1
+          },
+          "maxContains": 1,
+          "minContains": 3,
+          "extensible": true,
+          "$id": "minContains_5_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "empty data",
+        "data": [],
+        "schema_id": "minContains_5_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "invalid minContains",
+        "data": [
+          1
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "minContains_5_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "invalid maxContains",
+        "data": [
+          1,
+          1,
+          1
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "minContains_5_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "invalid maxContains and minContains",
+        "data": [
+          1,
+          1
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "minContains_5_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "minContains = 0",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "contains": {
+            "const": 1
+          },
+          "minContains": 0,
+          "extensible": true,
+          "$id": "minContains_6_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "empty data",
+        "data": [],
+        "schema_id": "minContains_6_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "minContains = 0 makes contains always pass",
+        "data": [
+          2
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "minContains_6_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "minContains = 0 with maxContains",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "contains": {
+            "const": 1
+          },
+          "minContains": 0,
+          "maxContains": 1,
+          "extensible": true,
+          "$id": "minContains_7_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "empty data",
+        "data": [],
+        "schema_id": "minContains_7_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "not more than maxContains",
+        "data": [
+          1
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "minContains_7_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "too many",
+        "data": [
+          1,
+          1
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "minContains_7_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "extensible: true allows non-matching items in minContains",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "contains": {
+            "const": 1
+          },
+          "minContains": 1,
+          "extensible": true,
+          "$id": "minContains_8_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "extra items disregarded for minContains",
+        "data": [
+          1,
+          2
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "minContains_8_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+]

fixtures/minItems.json

@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+[
+  {
+    "description": "minItems validation",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "minItems": 1,
+          "extensible": true,
+          "$id": "minItems_0_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "longer is valid",
+        "data": [
+          1,
+          2
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "minItems_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "exact length is valid",
+        "data": [
+          1
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "minItems_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "too short is invalid",
+        "data": [],
+        "schema_id": "minItems_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "ignores non-arrays",
+        "data": "",
+        "schema_id": "minItems_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "minItems validation with a decimal",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "minItems": 1,
+          "extensible": true,
+          "$id": "minItems_1_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "longer is valid",
+        "data": [
+          1,
+          2
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "minItems_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "too short is invalid",
+        "data": [],
+        "schema_id": "minItems_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "extensible: true allows extra items in minItems",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "minItems": 1,
+          "extensible": true,
+          "$id": "minItems_2_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "extra item counted towards minItems",
+        "data": [
+          1
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "minItems_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+]

fixtures/minLength.json

@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+[
+  {
+    "description": "minLength validation",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "minLength": 2,
+          "$id": "minLength_0_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "longer is valid",
+        "data": "foo",
+        "schema_id": "minLength_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "exact length is valid",
+        "data": "fo",
+        "schema_id": "minLength_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "too short is invalid",
+        "data": "f",
+        "schema_id": "minLength_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "ignores non-strings",
+        "data": 1,
+        "schema_id": "minLength_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "one grapheme is not long enough",
+        "data": "💩",
+        "schema_id": "minLength_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "minLength validation with a decimal",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "minLength": 2,
+          "$id": "minLength_1_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "longer is valid",
+        "data": "foo",
+        "schema_id": "minLength_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "too short is invalid",
+        "data": "f",
+        "schema_id": "minLength_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+]

fixtures/minProperties.json

@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+[
+  {
+    "description": "minProperties validation",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "minProperties": 1,
+          "extensible": true,
+          "$id": "minProperties_0_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "longer is valid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1,
+          "bar": 2
+        },
+        "schema_id": "minProperties_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "exact length is valid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1
+        },
+        "schema_id": "minProperties_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "too short is invalid",
+        "data": {},
+        "schema_id": "minProperties_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "ignores arrays",
+        "data": [],
+        "schema_id": "minProperties_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "ignores strings",
+        "data": "",
+        "schema_id": "minProperties_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "ignores other non-objects",
+        "data": 12,
+        "schema_id": "minProperties_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "minProperties validation with a decimal",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "minProperties": 1,
+          "extensible": true,
+          "$id": "minProperties_1_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "longer is valid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1,
+          "bar": 2
+        },
+        "schema_id": "minProperties_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "too short is invalid",
+        "data": {},
+        "schema_id": "minProperties_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "extensible: true allows extra properties in minProperties",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "minProperties": 1,
+          "extensible": true,
+          "$id": "minProperties_2_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "extra property counts towards minProperties",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1
+        },
+        "schema_id": "minProperties_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+]

fixtures/minimum.json

@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+[
+  {
+    "description": "minimum validation",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "minimum": 1.1,
+          "$id": "minimum_0_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "above the minimum is valid",
+        "data": 2.6,
+        "schema_id": "minimum_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "boundary point is valid",
+        "data": 1.1,
+        "schema_id": "minimum_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "below the minimum is invalid",
+        "data": 0.6,
+        "schema_id": "minimum_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "ignores non-numbers",
+        "data": "x",
+        "schema_id": "minimum_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "minimum validation with signed integer",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "minimum": -2,
+          "$id": "minimum_1_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "negative above the minimum is valid",
+        "data": -1,
+        "schema_id": "minimum_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "positive above the minimum is valid",
+        "data": 0,
+        "schema_id": "minimum_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "boundary point is valid",
+        "data": -2,
+        "schema_id": "minimum_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "boundary point with float is valid",
+        "data": -2,
+        "schema_id": "minimum_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "float below the minimum is invalid",
+        "data": -2.0001,
+        "schema_id": "minimum_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "int below the minimum is invalid",
+        "data": -3,
+        "schema_id": "minimum_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "ignores non-numbers",
+        "data": "x",
+        "schema_id": "minimum_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+]

fixtures/multipleOf.json

@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+[
+  {
+    "description": "by int",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "multipleOf": 2,
+          "$id": "multipleOf_0_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "int by int",
+        "data": 10,
+        "schema_id": "multipleOf_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "int by int fail",
+        "data": 7,
+        "schema_id": "multipleOf_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "ignores non-numbers",
+        "data": "foo",
+        "schema_id": "multipleOf_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "by number",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "multipleOf": 1.5,
+          "$id": "multipleOf_1_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "zero is multiple of anything",
+        "data": 0,
+        "schema_id": "multipleOf_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "4.5 is multiple of 1.5",
+        "data": 4.5,
+        "schema_id": "multipleOf_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "35 is not multiple of 1.5",
+        "data": 35,
+        "schema_id": "multipleOf_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "by small number",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "multipleOf": 0.0001,
+          "$id": "multipleOf_2_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "0.0075 is multiple of 0.0001",
+        "data": 0.0075,
+        "schema_id": "multipleOf_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "0.00751 is not multiple of 0.0001",
+        "data": 0.00751,
+        "schema_id": "multipleOf_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "small multiple of large integer",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "type": "integer",
+          "multipleOf": 1e-8,
+          "$id": "multipleOf_3_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "any integer is a multiple of 1e-8",
+        "data": 12391239123,
+        "schema_id": "multipleOf_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+]

fixtures/not.json

@@ -0,0 +1,618 @@
+[
+  {
+    "description": "not",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "not": {
+            "type": "integer"
+          },
+          "$id": "not_0_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "allowed",
+        "data": "foo",
+        "schema_id": "not_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "disallowed",
+        "data": 1,
+        "schema_id": "not_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "not multiple types",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "not": {
+            "type": [
+              "integer",
+              "boolean"
+            ]
+          },
+          "$id": "not_1_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "valid",
+        "data": "foo",
+        "schema_id": "not_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "mismatch",
+        "data": 1,
+        "schema_id": "not_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "other mismatch",
+        "data": true,
+        "schema_id": "not_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "not more complex schema",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "not": {
+            "type": "object",
+            "properties": {
+              "foo": {
+                "type": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          "extensible": true,
+          "$id": "not_2_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "match",
+        "data": 1,
+        "schema_id": "not_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "other match",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1
+        },
+        "schema_id": "not_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "mismatch",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": "bar"
+        },
+        "schema_id": "not_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "forbidden property",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "properties": {
+            "foo": {
+              "not": {}
+            }
+          },
+          "$id": "not_3_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "property present",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1,
+          "bar": 2
+        },
+        "schema_id": "not_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "empty object is valid",
+        "data": {},
+        "schema_id": "not_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "forbid everything with empty schema",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "not": {},
+          "$id": "not_4_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "number is invalid",
+        "data": 1,
+        "schema_id": "not_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "string is invalid",
+        "data": "foo",
+        "schema_id": "not_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "boolean true is invalid",
+        "data": true,
+        "schema_id": "not_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "boolean false is invalid",
+        "data": false,
+        "schema_id": "not_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "null is invalid",
+        "data": null,
+        "schema_id": "not_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "object is invalid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": "bar"
+        },
+        "schema_id": "not_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "empty object is invalid",
+        "data": {},
+        "schema_id": "not_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "array is invalid",
+        "data": [
+          "foo"
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "not_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "empty array is invalid",
+        "data": [],
+        "schema_id": "not_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "forbid everything with boolean schema true",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "not": true,
+          "$id": "not_5_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "number is invalid",
+        "data": 1,
+        "schema_id": "not_5_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "string is invalid",
+        "data": "foo",
+        "schema_id": "not_5_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "boolean true is invalid",
+        "data": true,
+        "schema_id": "not_5_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "boolean false is invalid",
+        "data": false,
+        "schema_id": "not_5_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "null is invalid",
+        "data": null,
+        "schema_id": "not_5_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "object is invalid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": "bar"
+        },
+        "schema_id": "not_5_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "empty object is invalid",
+        "data": {},
+        "schema_id": "not_5_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "array is invalid",
+        "data": [
+          "foo"
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "not_5_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "empty array is invalid",
+        "data": [],
+        "schema_id": "not_5_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "allow everything with boolean schema false",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "not": false,
+          "extensible": true,
+          "$id": "not_6_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "number is valid",
+        "data": 1,
+        "schema_id": "not_6_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "string is valid",
+        "data": "foo",
+        "schema_id": "not_6_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "boolean true is valid",
+        "data": true,
+        "schema_id": "not_6_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "boolean false is valid",
+        "data": false,
+        "schema_id": "not_6_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "null is valid",
+        "data": null,
+        "schema_id": "not_6_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "object is valid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": "bar"
+        },
+        "schema_id": "not_6_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "empty object is valid",
+        "data": {},
+        "schema_id": "not_6_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "array is valid",
+        "data": [
+          "foo"
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "not_6_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "empty array is valid",
+        "data": [],
+        "schema_id": "not_6_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "double negation",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "not": {
+            "not": {}
+          },
+          "$id": "not_7_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "any value is valid",
+        "data": "foo",
+        "schema_id": "not_7_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "extensible: true allows extra properties in not",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "not": {
+            "type": "integer"
+          },
+          "extensible": true,
+          "$id": "not_8_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "extra property is valid (not integer matches)",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1
+        },
+        "schema_id": "not_8_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "extensible: false (default) forbids extra properties in not",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "not": {
+            "type": "integer"
+          },
+          "$id": "not_9_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "extra property is invalid due to strictness",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1
+        },
+        "schema_id": "not_9_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "property next to not (extensible: true)",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "properties": {
+            "bar": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          },
+          "not": {
+            "type": "integer"
+          },
+          "extensible": true,
+          "$id": "not_10_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "extra property allowed",
+        "data": {
+          "bar": "baz",
+          "foo": 1
+        },
+        "schema_id": "not_10_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "property next to not (extensible: false)",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "properties": {
+            "bar": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          },
+          "not": {
+            "type": "integer"
+          },
+          "$id": "not_11_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "extra property forbidden",
+        "data": {
+          "bar": "baz",
+          "foo": 1
+        },
+        "schema_id": "not_11_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "defined property allowed",
+        "data": {
+          "bar": "baz"
+        },
+        "schema_id": "not_11_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+]

fixtures/oneOf.json

@@ -0,0 +1,670 @@
+[
+  {
+    "description": "oneOf",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "oneOf": [
+            {
+              "type": "integer"
+            },
+            {
+              "minimum": 2
+            }
+          ],
+          "$id": "oneOf_0_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "first oneOf valid",
+        "data": 1,
+        "schema_id": "oneOf_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "second oneOf valid",
+        "data": 2.5,
+        "schema_id": "oneOf_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "both oneOf valid",
+        "data": 3,
+        "schema_id": "oneOf_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "neither oneOf valid",
+        "data": 1.5,
+        "schema_id": "oneOf_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "oneOf with base schema",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "oneOf": [
+            {
+              "minLength": 2
+            },
+            {
+              "maxLength": 4
+            }
+          ],
+          "$id": "oneOf_1_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "mismatch base schema",
+        "data": 3,
+        "schema_id": "oneOf_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "one oneOf valid",
+        "data": "foobar",
+        "schema_id": "oneOf_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "both oneOf valid",
+        "data": "foo",
+        "schema_id": "oneOf_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "oneOf with boolean schemas, all true",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "oneOf": [
+            true,
+            true,
+            true
+          ],
+          "$id": "oneOf_2_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "any value is invalid",
+        "data": "foo",
+        "schema_id": "oneOf_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "oneOf with boolean schemas, one true",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "oneOf": [
+            true,
+            false,
+            false
+          ],
+          "$id": "oneOf_3_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "any value is valid",
+        "data": "foo",
+        "schema_id": "oneOf_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "oneOf with boolean schemas, more than one true",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "oneOf": [
+            true,
+            true,
+            false
+          ],
+          "$id": "oneOf_4_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "any value is invalid",
+        "data": "foo",
+        "schema_id": "oneOf_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "oneOf with boolean schemas, all false",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "oneOf": [
+            false,
+            false,
+            false
+          ],
+          "$id": "oneOf_5_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "any value is invalid",
+        "data": "foo",
+        "schema_id": "oneOf_5_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "oneOf complex types",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "oneOf": [
+            {
+              "properties": {
+                "bar": {
+                  "type": "integer"
+                }
+              },
+              "required": [
+                "bar"
+              ]
+            },
+            {
+              "properties": {
+                "foo": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              },
+              "required": [
+                "foo"
+              ]
+            }
+          ],
+          "$id": "oneOf_6_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "first oneOf valid (complex)",
+        "data": {
+          "bar": 2
+        },
+        "schema_id": "oneOf_6_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "second oneOf valid (complex)",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": "baz"
+        },
+        "schema_id": "oneOf_6_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "both oneOf valid (complex)",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": "baz",
+          "bar": 2
+        },
+        "schema_id": "oneOf_6_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "neither oneOf valid (complex)",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 2,
+          "bar": "quux"
+        },
+        "schema_id": "oneOf_6_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "oneOf with empty schema",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "oneOf": [
+            {
+              "type": "number"
+            },
+            {}
+          ],
+          "$id": "oneOf_7_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "one valid - valid",
+        "data": "foo",
+        "schema_id": "oneOf_7_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "both valid - invalid",
+        "data": 123,
+        "schema_id": "oneOf_7_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "oneOf with required",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "foo": true,
+            "bar": true,
+            "baz": true
+          },
+          "oneOf": [
+            {
+              "required": [
+                "foo",
+                "bar"
+              ]
+            },
+            {
+              "required": [
+                "foo",
+                "baz"
+              ]
+            }
+          ],
+          "$id": "oneOf_8_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "both invalid - invalid",
+        "data": {
+          "bar": 2
+        },
+        "schema_id": "oneOf_8_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "first valid - valid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1,
+          "bar": 2
+        },
+        "schema_id": "oneOf_8_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "second valid - valid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1,
+          "baz": 3
+        },
+        "schema_id": "oneOf_8_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "both valid - invalid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1,
+          "bar": 2,
+          "baz": 3
+        },
+        "schema_id": "oneOf_8_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "extra property invalid (strict)",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1,
+          "bar": 2,
+          "extra": 3
+        },
+        "schema_id": "oneOf_8_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "oneOf with required (extensible)",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "extensible": true,
+          "oneOf": [
+            {
+              "required": [
+                "foo",
+                "bar"
+              ]
+            },
+            {
+              "required": [
+                "foo",
+                "baz"
+              ]
+            }
+          ],
+          "$id": "oneOf_9_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "both invalid - invalid",
+        "data": {
+          "bar": 2
+        },
+        "schema_id": "oneOf_9_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "first valid - valid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1,
+          "bar": 2
+        },
+        "schema_id": "oneOf_9_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "second valid - valid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1,
+          "baz": 3
+        },
+        "schema_id": "oneOf_9_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "both valid - invalid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1,
+          "bar": 2,
+          "baz": 3
+        },
+        "schema_id": "oneOf_9_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "extra properties are valid (extensible)",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1,
+          "bar": 2,
+          "extra": "value"
+        },
+        "schema_id": "oneOf_9_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "oneOf with missing optional property",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "oneOf": [
+            {
+              "properties": {
+                "bar": true,
+                "baz": true
+              },
+              "required": [
+                "bar"
+              ]
+            },
+            {
+              "properties": {
+                "foo": true
+              },
+              "required": [
+                "foo"
+              ]
+            }
+          ],
+          "$id": "oneOf_10_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "first oneOf valid",
+        "data": {
+          "bar": 8
+        },
+        "schema_id": "oneOf_10_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "second oneOf valid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": "foo"
+        },
+        "schema_id": "oneOf_10_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "both oneOf valid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": "foo",
+          "bar": 8
+        },
+        "schema_id": "oneOf_10_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "neither oneOf valid",
+        "data": {
+          "baz": "quux"
+        },
+        "schema_id": "oneOf_10_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "nested oneOf, to check validation semantics",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "oneOf": [
+            {
+              "oneOf": [
+                {
+                  "type": "null"
+                }
+              ]
+            }
+          ],
+          "$id": "oneOf_11_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "null is valid",
+        "data": null,
+        "schema_id": "oneOf_11_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "anything non-null is invalid",
+        "data": 123,
+        "schema_id": "oneOf_11_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "extensible: true allows extra properties in oneOf",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "oneOf": [
+            {
+              "properties": {
+                "bar": {
+                  "type": "integer"
+                }
+              },
+              "required": [
+                "bar"
+              ]
+            },
+            {
+              "properties": {
+                "foo": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              },
+              "required": [
+                "foo"
+              ]
+            }
+          ],
+          "extensible": true,
+          "$id": "oneOf_12_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "extra property is valid (matches first option)",
+        "data": {
+          "bar": 2,
+          "extra": "prop"
+        },
+        "schema_id": "oneOf_12_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+]

fixtures/pattern.json

@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+[
+  {
+    "description": "pattern validation",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "pattern": "^a*$",
+          "$id": "pattern_0_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "a matching pattern is valid",
+        "data": "aaa",
+        "schema_id": "pattern_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "a non-matching pattern is invalid",
+        "data": "abc",
+        "schema_id": "pattern_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "ignores booleans",
+        "data": true,
+        "schema_id": "pattern_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "ignores integers",
+        "data": 123,
+        "schema_id": "pattern_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "ignores floats",
+        "data": 1,
+        "schema_id": "pattern_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "ignores objects",
+        "data": {},
+        "schema_id": "pattern_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "ignores arrays",
+        "data": [],
+        "schema_id": "pattern_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "ignores null",
+        "data": null,
+        "schema_id": "pattern_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "pattern is not anchored",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "pattern": "a+",
+          "$id": "pattern_1_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "matches a substring",
+        "data": "xxaayy",
+        "schema_id": "pattern_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+]

fixtures/patternProperties.json

@@ -0,0 +1,399 @@
+[
+  {
+    "description": "patternProperties validates properties matching a regex",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "patternProperties": {
+            "f.*o": {
+              "type": "integer"
+            }
+          },
+          "items": {},
+          "$id": "patternProperties_0_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "a single valid match is valid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1
+        },
+        "schema_id": "patternProperties_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "multiple valid matches is valid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1,
+          "foooooo": 2
+        },
+        "schema_id": "patternProperties_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "a single invalid match is invalid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": "bar",
+          "fooooo": 2
+        },
+        "schema_id": "patternProperties_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "multiple invalid matches is invalid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": "bar",
+          "foooooo": "baz"
+        },
+        "schema_id": "patternProperties_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "ignores arrays",
+        "data": [
+          "foo"
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "patternProperties_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "ignores strings",
+        "data": "foo",
+        "schema_id": "patternProperties_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "ignores other non-objects",
+        "data": 12,
+        "schema_id": "patternProperties_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "extra property not matching pattern is INVALID (strict by default)",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1,
+          "extra": 2
+        },
+        "schema_id": "patternProperties_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "multiple simultaneous patternProperties are validated",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "patternProperties": {
+            "a*": {
+              "type": "integer"
+            },
+            "aaa*": {
+              "maximum": 20
+            }
+          },
+          "$id": "patternProperties_1_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "a single valid match is valid",
+        "data": {
+          "a": 21
+        },
+        "schema_id": "patternProperties_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "a simultaneous match is valid",
+        "data": {
+          "aaaa": 18
+        },
+        "schema_id": "patternProperties_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "multiple matches is valid",
+        "data": {
+          "a": 21,
+          "aaaa": 18
+        },
+        "schema_id": "patternProperties_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "an invalid due to one is invalid",
+        "data": {
+          "a": "bar"
+        },
+        "schema_id": "patternProperties_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "an invalid due to the other is invalid",
+        "data": {
+          "aaaa": 31
+        },
+        "schema_id": "patternProperties_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "an invalid due to both is invalid",
+        "data": {
+          "aaa": "foo",
+          "aaaa": 31
+        },
+        "schema_id": "patternProperties_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "regexes are not anchored by default and are case sensitive",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "patternProperties": {
+            "[0-9]{2,}": {
+              "type": "boolean"
+            },
+            "X_": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          },
+          "extensible": true,
+          "$id": "patternProperties_2_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "non recognized members are ignored",
+        "data": {
+          "answer 1": "42"
+        },
+        "schema_id": "patternProperties_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "recognized members are accounted for",
+        "data": {
+          "a31b": null
+        },
+        "schema_id": "patternProperties_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "regexes are case sensitive",
+        "data": {
+          "a_x_3": 3
+        },
+        "schema_id": "patternProperties_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "regexes are case sensitive, 2",
+        "data": {
+          "a_X_3": 3
+        },
+        "schema_id": "patternProperties_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "patternProperties with boolean schemas",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "patternProperties": {
+            "f.*": true,
+            "b.*": false
+          },
+          "$id": "patternProperties_3_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "object with property matching schema true is valid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1
+        },
+        "schema_id": "patternProperties_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "object with property matching schema false is invalid",
+        "data": {
+          "bar": 2
+        },
+        "schema_id": "patternProperties_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "object with both properties is invalid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1,
+          "bar": 2
+        },
+        "schema_id": "patternProperties_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "object with a property matching both true and false is invalid",
+        "data": {
+          "foobar": 1
+        },
+        "schema_id": "patternProperties_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "empty object is valid",
+        "data": {},
+        "schema_id": "patternProperties_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "patternProperties with null valued instance properties",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "patternProperties": {
+            "^.*bar$": {
+              "type": "null"
+            }
+          },
+          "$id": "patternProperties_4_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "allows null values",
+        "data": {
+          "foobar": null
+        },
+        "schema_id": "patternProperties_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "extensible: true allows extra properties NOT matching pattern",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "patternProperties": {
+            "f.*o": {
+              "type": "integer"
+            }
+          },
+          "extensible": true,
+          "$id": "patternProperties_5_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "extra property not matching pattern is valid",
+        "data": {
+          "bar": 1
+        },
+        "schema_id": "patternProperties_5_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "property matching pattern MUST still be valid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": "invalid string"
+        },
+        "schema_id": "patternProperties_5_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+]

fixtures/prefixItems.json

@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+[
+  {
+    "description": "a schema given for prefixItems",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "prefixItems": [
+            {
+              "type": "integer"
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          ],
+          "$id": "prefixItems_0_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "correct types",
+        "data": [
+          1,
+          "foo"
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "prefixItems_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "wrong types",
+        "data": [
+          "foo",
+          1
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "prefixItems_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "incomplete array of items",
+        "data": [
+          1
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "prefixItems_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "array with additional items (invalid due to strictness)",
+        "data": [
+          1,
+          "foo",
+          true
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "prefixItems_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "empty array",
+        "data": [],
+        "schema_id": "prefixItems_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "JavaScript pseudo-array is valid (invalid due to strict object validation)",
+        "data": {
+          "0": "invalid",
+          "1": "valid",
+          "length": 2
+        },
+        "schema_id": "prefixItems_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "prefixItems with boolean schemas",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "prefixItems": [
+            true,
+            false
+          ],
+          "$id": "prefixItems_1_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "array with one item is valid",
+        "data": [
+          1
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "prefixItems_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "array with two items is invalid",
+        "data": [
+          1,
+          "foo"
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "prefixItems_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "empty array is valid",
+        "data": [],
+        "schema_id": "prefixItems_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "additional items are allowed by default",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "prefixItems": [
+            {
+              "type": "integer"
+            }
+          ],
+          "extensible": true,
+          "$id": "prefixItems_2_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "only the first item is validated",
+        "data": [
+          1,
+          "foo",
+          false
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "prefixItems_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "prefixItems with null instance elements",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "prefixItems": [
+            {
+              "type": "null"
+            }
+          ],
+          "$id": "prefixItems_3_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "allows null elements",
+        "data": [
+          null
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "prefixItems_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "extensible: true allows extra items with prefixItems",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "prefixItems": [
+            {
+              "type": "integer"
+            }
+          ],
+          "extensible": true,
+          "$id": "prefixItems_4_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "extra item is valid",
+        "data": [
+          1,
+          "foo"
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "prefixItems_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+]

fixtures/properties.json

@@ -0,0 +1,627 @@
+[
+  {
+    "description": "object properties validation",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "properties": {
+            "foo": {
+              "type": "integer"
+            },
+            "bar": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          },
+          "$id": "properties_0_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "both properties present and valid is valid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1,
+          "bar": "baz"
+        },
+        "schema_id": "properties_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "one property invalid is invalid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1,
+          "bar": {}
+        },
+        "schema_id": "properties_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "both properties invalid is invalid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": [],
+          "bar": {}
+        },
+        "schema_id": "properties_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "doesn't invalidate other properties",
+        "data": {},
+        "schema_id": "properties_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "ignores arrays",
+        "data": [],
+        "schema_id": "properties_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "ignores other non-objects",
+        "data": 12,
+        "schema_id": "properties_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "properties with boolean schema",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "properties": {
+            "foo": true,
+            "bar": false
+          },
+          "$id": "properties_1_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "no property present is valid",
+        "data": {},
+        "schema_id": "properties_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "only 'true' property present is valid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1
+        },
+        "schema_id": "properties_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "only 'false' property present is invalid",
+        "data": {
+          "bar": 2
+        },
+        "schema_id": "properties_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "both properties present is invalid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1,
+          "bar": 2
+        },
+        "schema_id": "properties_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "properties with escaped characters",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "properties": {
+            "foo\nbar": {
+              "type": "number"
+            },
+            "foo\"bar": {
+              "type": "number"
+            },
+            "foo\\bar": {
+              "type": "number"
+            },
+            "foo\rbar": {
+              "type": "number"
+            },
+            "foo\tbar": {
+              "type": "number"
+            },
+            "foo\fbar": {
+              "type": "number"
+            }
+          },
+          "$id": "properties_2_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "object with all numbers is valid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo\nbar": 1,
+          "foo\"bar": 1,
+          "foo\\bar": 1,
+          "foo\rbar": 1,
+          "foo\tbar": 1,
+          "foo\fbar": 1
+        },
+        "schema_id": "properties_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "object with strings is invalid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo\nbar": "1",
+          "foo\"bar": "1",
+          "foo\\bar": "1",
+          "foo\rbar": "1",
+          "foo\tbar": "1",
+          "foo\fbar": "1"
+        },
+        "schema_id": "properties_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "properties with null valued instance properties",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "properties": {
+            "foo": {
+              "type": "null"
+            }
+          },
+          "$id": "properties_3_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "allows null values",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": null
+        },
+        "schema_id": "properties_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "properties whose names are Javascript object property names",
+    "comment": "Ensure JS implementations don't universally consider e.g. __proto__ to always be present in an object.",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "properties": {
+            "__proto__": {
+              "type": "number"
+            },
+            "toString": {
+              "properties": {
+                "length": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "constructor": {
+              "type": "number"
+            }
+          },
+          "$id": "properties_4_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "ignores arrays",
+        "data": [],
+        "schema_id": "properties_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "ignores other non-objects",
+        "data": 12,
+        "schema_id": "properties_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "none of the properties mentioned",
+        "data": {},
+        "schema_id": "properties_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "__proto__ not valid",
+        "data": {
+          "__proto__": "foo"
+        },
+        "schema_id": "properties_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "toString not valid",
+        "data": {
+          "toString": {
+            "length": 37
+          }
+        },
+        "schema_id": "properties_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "constructor not valid",
+        "data": {
+          "constructor": {
+            "length": 37
+          }
+        },
+        "schema_id": "properties_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "all present and valid",
+        "data": {
+          "__proto__": 12,
+          "toString": {
+            "length": "foo"
+          },
+          "constructor": 37
+        },
+        "schema_id": "properties_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "extensible: true allows extra properties",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "properties": {
+            "foo": {
+              "type": "integer"
+            }
+          },
+          "extensible": true,
+          "$id": "properties_5_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "extra property is valid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1,
+          "bar": "baz"
+        },
+        "schema_id": "properties_5_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "strict by default: extra properties invalid",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "properties": {
+            "foo": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          },
+          "$id": "properties_6_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "extra property is invalid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": "bar",
+          "extra": 1
+        },
+        "schema_id": "properties_6_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "inheritance: nested object inherits strictness from strict parent",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "properties": {
+            "nested": {
+              "properties": {
+                "foo": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          "$id": "properties_7_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "nested extra property is invalid",
+        "data": {
+          "nested": {
+            "foo": "bar",
+            "extra": 1
+          }
+        },
+        "schema_id": "properties_7_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "override: nested object allows extra properties if extensible: true",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "properties": {
+            "nested": {
+              "extensible": true,
+              "properties": {
+                "foo": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          "$id": "properties_8_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "nested extra property is valid",
+        "data": {
+          "nested": {
+            "foo": "bar",
+            "extra": 1
+          }
+        },
+        "schema_id": "properties_8_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "inheritance: nested object inherits looseness from loose parent",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "extensible": true,
+          "properties": {
+            "nested": {
+              "properties": {
+                "foo": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          "$id": "properties_9_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "nested extra property is valid",
+        "data": {
+          "nested": {
+            "foo": "bar",
+            "extra": 1
+          }
+        },
+        "schema_id": "properties_9_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "override: nested object enforces strictness if extensible: false",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "extensible": true,
+          "properties": {
+            "nested": {
+              "extensible": false,
+              "properties": {
+                "foo": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          "$id": "properties_10_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "nested extra property is invalid",
+        "data": {
+          "nested": {
+            "foo": "bar",
+            "extra": 1
+          }
+        },
+        "schema_id": "properties_10_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "arrays: inline items inherit strictness from strict parent",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "properties": {
+            "list": {
+              "type": "array",
+              "items": {
+                "properties": {
+                  "foo": {
+                    "type": "string"
+                  }
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          "$id": "properties_11_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "array item with extra property is invalid (strict parent)",
+        "data": {
+          "list": [
+            {
+              "foo": "bar",
+              "extra": 1
+            }
+          ]
+        },
+        "schema_id": "properties_11_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "arrays: inline items inherit looseness from loose parent",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "extensible": true,
+          "properties": {
+            "list": {
+              "type": "array",
+              "items": {
+                "properties": {
+                  "foo": {
+                    "type": "string"
+                  }
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          "$id": "properties_12_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "array item with extra property is valid (loose parent)",
+        "data": {
+          "list": [
+            {
+              "foo": "bar",
+              "extra": 1
+            }
+          ]
+        },
+        "schema_id": "properties_12_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+]

fixtures/propertyNames.json

@@ -0,0 +1,347 @@
+[
+  {
+    "description": "propertyNames validation",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "propertyNames": {
+            "maxLength": 3
+          },
+          "extensible": true,
+          "$id": "propertyNames_0_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "all property names valid",
+        "data": {
+          "f": {},
+          "foo": {}
+        },
+        "schema_id": "propertyNames_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "some property names invalid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": {},
+          "foobar": {}
+        },
+        "schema_id": "propertyNames_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "object without properties is valid",
+        "data": {},
+        "schema_id": "propertyNames_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "ignores arrays",
+        "data": [
+          1,
+          2,
+          3,
+          4
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "propertyNames_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "ignores strings",
+        "data": "foobar",
+        "schema_id": "propertyNames_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "ignores other non-objects",
+        "data": 12,
+        "schema_id": "propertyNames_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "propertyNames validation with pattern",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "propertyNames": {
+            "pattern": "^a+$"
+          },
+          "extensible": true,
+          "$id": "propertyNames_1_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "matching property names valid",
+        "data": {
+          "a": {},
+          "aa": {},
+          "aaa": {}
+        },
+        "schema_id": "propertyNames_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "non-matching property name is invalid",
+        "data": {
+          "aaA": {}
+        },
+        "schema_id": "propertyNames_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "object without properties is valid",
+        "data": {},
+        "schema_id": "propertyNames_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "propertyNames with boolean schema true",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "propertyNames": true,
+          "extensible": true,
+          "$id": "propertyNames_2_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "object with any properties is valid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1
+        },
+        "schema_id": "propertyNames_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "empty object is valid",
+        "data": {},
+        "schema_id": "propertyNames_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "propertyNames with boolean schema false",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "propertyNames": false,
+          "extensible": true,
+          "$id": "propertyNames_3_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "object with any properties is invalid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1
+        },
+        "schema_id": "propertyNames_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "empty object is valid",
+        "data": {},
+        "schema_id": "propertyNames_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "propertyNames with const",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "propertyNames": {
+            "const": "foo"
+          },
+          "extensible": true,
+          "$id": "propertyNames_4_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "object with property foo is valid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1
+        },
+        "schema_id": "propertyNames_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "object with any other property is invalid",
+        "data": {
+          "bar": 1
+        },
+        "schema_id": "propertyNames_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "empty object is valid",
+        "data": {},
+        "schema_id": "propertyNames_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "propertyNames with enum",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "propertyNames": {
+            "enum": [
+              "foo",
+              "bar"
+            ]
+          },
+          "extensible": true,
+          "$id": "propertyNames_5_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "object with property foo is valid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1
+        },
+        "schema_id": "propertyNames_5_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "object with property foo and bar is valid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1,
+          "bar": 1
+        },
+        "schema_id": "propertyNames_5_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "object with any other property is invalid",
+        "data": {
+          "baz": 1
+        },
+        "schema_id": "propertyNames_5_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "empty object is valid",
+        "data": {},
+        "schema_id": "propertyNames_5_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "extensible: true allows extra properties (checked by propertyNames)",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "propertyNames": {
+            "maxLength": 3
+          },
+          "extensible": true,
+          "$id": "propertyNames_6_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "extra property with valid name is valid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1
+        },
+        "schema_id": "propertyNames_6_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "extra property with invalid name is invalid",
+        "data": {
+          "foobar": 1
+        },
+        "schema_id": "propertyNames_6_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+]

fixtures/ref.json

@@ -0,0 +1,929 @@
+[
+  {
+    "description": "nested refs",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "$ref": "c_212",
+          "$id": "ref_4_0"
+        },
+        {
+          "$id": "a_212",
+          "type": "integer"
+        },
+        {
+          "$id": "b_212",
+          "$ref": "a_212"
+        },
+        {
+          "$id": "c_212",
+          "$ref": "b_212"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "nested ref valid",
+        "data": 5,
+        "schema_id": "ref_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "nested ref invalid",
+        "data": "a",
+        "schema_id": "ref_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "ref applies alongside sibling keywords",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "properties": {
+            "foo": {
+              "$ref": "reffed_248",
+              "maxItems": 2
+            }
+          },
+          "$id": "ref_5_0"
+        },
+        {
+          "$id": "reffed_248",
+          "type": "array"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "ref valid, maxItems valid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": []
+        },
+        "schema_id": "ref_5_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "ref valid, maxItems invalid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": [
+            1,
+            2,
+            3
+          ]
+        },
+        "schema_id": "ref_5_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "ref invalid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": "string"
+        },
+        "schema_id": "ref_5_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "property named $ref that is not a reference",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "properties": {
+            "$ref": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          },
+          "$id": "ref_6_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "property named $ref valid",
+        "data": {
+          "$ref": "a"
+        },
+        "schema_id": "ref_6_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "property named $ref invalid",
+        "data": {
+          "$ref": 2
+        },
+        "schema_id": "ref_6_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "property named $ref, containing an actual $ref",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "properties": {
+            "$ref": {
+              "$ref": "is-string_344"
+            }
+          },
+          "$id": "ref_7_0"
+        },
+        {
+          "$id": "is-string_344",
+          "type": "string"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "property named $ref valid",
+        "data": {
+          "$ref": "a"
+        },
+        "schema_id": "ref_7_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "property named $ref invalid",
+        "data": {
+          "$ref": 2
+        },
+        "schema_id": "ref_7_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "$ref to boolean schema true",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "$ref": "bool_378",
+          "$id": "ref_8_0"
+        },
+        {
+          "$id": "bool_378",
+          "extensible": true
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "any value is valid",
+        "data": "foo",
+        "schema_id": "ref_8_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "$ref to boolean schema false",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "$ref": "bool_400",
+          "$id": "ref_9_0"
+        },
+        {
+          "$id": "bool_400",
+          "extensible": false,
+          "not": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "any value is invalid",
+        "data": "foo",
+        "schema_id": "ref_9_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "refs with quote",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "properties": {
+            "foo\"bar": {
+              "$ref": "foo%22bar_550"
+            }
+          },
+          "$id": "ref_11_0"
+        },
+        {
+          "$id": "foo%22bar_550",
+          "type": "number"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "object with numbers is valid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo\"bar": 1
+        },
+        "schema_id": "ref_11_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "object with strings is invalid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo\"bar": "1"
+        },
+        "schema_id": "ref_11_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "$ref boundary resets to loose",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "$ref": "target_1465",
+          "$id": "ref_35_0"
+        },
+        {
+          "$id": "target_1465",
+          "properties": {
+            "foo": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "extra property in ref target is invalid (strict by default)",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": "bar",
+          "extra": 1
+        },
+        "schema_id": "ref_35_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "$ref target can enforce strictness",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "$ref": "target_1496",
+          "$id": "ref_36_0"
+        },
+        {
+          "$id": "target_1496",
+          "extensible": false,
+          "properties": {
+            "foo": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "extra property in ref target is invalid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": "bar",
+          "extra": 1
+        },
+        "schema_id": "ref_36_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "strictness: boundary reset at $ref",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "extensible": true,
+          "properties": {
+            "inline_child": {
+              "properties": {
+                "a": {
+                  "type": "integer"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "ref_child": {
+              "$ref": "strict_node_1544"
+            },
+            "extensible_ref_child": {
+              "$ref": "extensible_node_1551"
+            }
+          },
+          "$id": "ref_37_0"
+        },
+        {
+          "$id": "strict_node_1544",
+          "properties": {
+            "b": {
+              "type": "integer"
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "$id": "extensible_node_1551",
+          "extensible": true,
+          "properties": {
+            "c": {
+              "type": "integer"
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "inline child inherits looseness",
+        "data": {
+          "inline_child": {
+            "a": 1,
+            "extra": 2
+          }
+        },
+        "schema_id": "ref_37_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "ref child resets to strict (default)",
+        "data": {
+          "ref_child": {
+            "b": 1,
+            "extra": 2
+          }
+        },
+        "schema_id": "ref_37_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "ref child with explicit extensible=true is loose",
+        "data": {
+          "extensible_ref_child": {
+            "c": 1,
+            "extra": 2
+          }
+        },
+        "schema_id": "ref_37_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "arrays: ref items inherit strictness (reset at boundary)",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "properties": {
+            "list": {
+              "type": "array",
+              "items": {
+                "$ref": "strict_node_1614"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          "$id": "ref_38_0"
+        },
+        {
+          "$id": "strict_node_1614",
+          "properties": {
+            "a": {
+              "type": "integer"
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "ref item with extra property is invalid (strict by default)",
+        "data": {
+          "list": [
+            {
+              "a": 1,
+              "extra": 2
+            }
+          ]
+        },
+        "schema_id": "ref_38_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "implicit keyword shadowing",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "$ref": "parent_1648",
+          "properties": {
+            "type": {
+              "const": "child"
+            },
+            "age": {
+              "minimum": 15
+            }
+          },
+          "$id": "ref_39_0"
+        },
+        {
+          "$id": "parent_1648",
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "type": {
+              "const": "parent"
+            },
+            "age": {
+              "minimum": 10,
+              "maximum": 20
+            }
+          },
+          "required": [
+            "type",
+            "age"
+          ]
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "child type overrides parent type",
+        "data": {
+          "type": "child",
+          "age": 15
+        },
+        "schema_id": "ref_39_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "parent type is now invalid (shadowed)",
+        "data": {
+          "type": "parent",
+          "age": 15
+        },
+        "schema_id": "ref_39_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "child min age (15) is enforced",
+        "data": {
+          "type": "child",
+          "age": 12
+        },
+        "schema_id": "ref_39_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "parent max age (20) is shadowed (replaced) by child definition",
+        "data": {
+          "type": "child",
+          "age": 21
+        },
+        "schema_id": "ref_39_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "Entities extending entities (Physical Birth)",
+    "database": {
+      "types": [
+        {
+          "name": "entity",
+          "variations": [
+            "entity",
+            "organization",
+            "person"
+          ],
+          "schemas": [
+            {
+              "$id": "entity",
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "id": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                },
+                "type": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          ]
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "organization",
+          "variations": [
+            "organization",
+            "person"
+          ],
+          "schemas": [
+            {
+              "$id": "organization",
+              "$ref": "entity",
+              "properties": {
+                "name": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          ]
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "person",
+          "variations": [
+            "person"
+          ],
+          "schemas": [
+            {
+              "$id": "person",
+              "$ref": "organization",
+              "properties": {
+                "first_name": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      ],
+      "puncs": [
+        {
+          "name": "save_org",
+          "schemas": [
+            {
+              "$id": "save_org.request",
+              "$ref": "organization"
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "Valid person against organization schema (implicit type allowance from physical hierarchy)",
+        "schema_id": "save_org.request",
+        "data": {
+          "id": "1",
+          "type": "person",
+          "name": "ACME"
+        },
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "Valid organization against organization schema",
+        "schema_id": "save_org.request",
+        "data": {
+          "id": "2",
+          "type": "organization",
+          "name": "ACME"
+        },
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "Invalid entity against organization schema (ancestor not allowed)",
+        "schema_id": "save_org.request",
+        "data": {
+          "id": "3",
+          "type": "entity"
+        },
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false,
+          "errors": [
+            {
+              "code": "TYPE_MISMATCH",
+              "path": "/type"
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "Viral Infection: Ad-hocs inheriting entity boundaries via $ref",
+    "database": {
+      "types": [
+        {
+          "name": "entity",
+          "variations": [
+            "entity",
+            "person"
+          ],
+          "schemas": [
+            {
+              "$id": "entity",
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "id": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                },
+                "type": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          ]
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "person",
+          "variations": [
+            "person"
+          ],
+          "schemas": [
+            {
+              "$id": "person",
+              "$ref": "entity",
+              "properties": {
+                "first_name": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            {
+              "$id": "light.person",
+              "$ref": "entity",
+              "properties": {
+                "first_name": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      ],
+      "puncs": [
+        {
+          "name": "save_person_light",
+          "schemas": [
+            {
+              "$id": "save_person_light.request",
+              "$ref": "light.person",
+              "properties": {
+                "extra_request_field": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "Valid person against ad-hoc request schema (request virally inherited person variations)",
+        "schema_id": "save_person_light.request",
+        "data": {
+          "id": "1",
+          "type": "person",
+          "first_name": "John",
+          "extra_request_field": "test"
+        },
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "Invalid entity against ad-hoc request schema (viral inheritance enforces person boundary)",
+        "schema_id": "save_person_light.request",
+        "data": {
+          "id": "1",
+          "type": "entity",
+          "first_name": "John"
+        },
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false,
+          "errors": [
+            {
+              "code": "TYPE_MISMATCH",
+              "path": "/type"
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "Ad-hocs extending ad-hocs (No type property)",
+    "database": {
+      "puncs": [
+        {
+          "name": "save_address",
+          "schemas": [
+            {
+              "$id": "address",
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "street": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                },
+                "city": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            {
+              "$id": "us_address",
+              "$ref": "address",
+              "properties": {
+                "state": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                },
+                "zip": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            {
+              "$id": "save_address.request",
+              "$ref": "us_address"
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "Valid us_address",
+        "schema_id": "save_address.request",
+        "data": {
+          "street": "123 Main",
+          "city": "Anytown",
+          "state": "CA",
+          "zip": "12345"
+        },
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "Invalid base address against us_address",
+        "schema_id": "save_address.request",
+        "data": {
+          "street": "123 Main",
+          "city": "Anytown"
+        },
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "Ad-hocs extending ad-hocs (with string type property, no magic)",
+    "database": {
+      "puncs": [
+        {
+          "name": "save_config",
+          "schemas": [
+            {
+              "$id": "config_base",
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "type": {
+                  "type": "string",
+                  "const": "config_base"
+                },
+                "setting": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            {
+              "$id": "config_advanced",
+              "$ref": "config_base",
+              "properties": {
+                "type": {
+                  "type": "string",
+                  "const": "config_advanced"
+                },
+                "advanced_setting": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            {
+              "$id": "save_config.request",
+              "$ref": "config_base"
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "Valid config_base against config_base",
+        "schema_id": "save_config.request",
+        "data": {
+          "type": "config_base",
+          "setting": "on"
+        },
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "Invalid config_advanced against config_base (no type magic, const is strictly 'config_base')",
+        "schema_id": "save_config.request",
+        "data": {
+          "type": "config_advanced",
+          "setting": "on",
+          "advanced_setting": "off"
+        },
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+]

fixtures/required.json

@@ -0,0 +1,312 @@
+[
+  {
+    "description": "required validation",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "properties": {
+            "foo": {},
+            "bar": {}
+          },
+          "required": [
+            "foo"
+          ],
+          "$id": "required_0_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "present required property is valid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1
+        },
+        "schema_id": "required_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "non-present required property is invalid",
+        "data": {
+          "bar": 1
+        },
+        "schema_id": "required_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "ignores arrays",
+        "data": [],
+        "schema_id": "required_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "ignores strings",
+        "data": "",
+        "schema_id": "required_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "ignores other non-objects",
+        "data": 12,
+        "schema_id": "required_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "ignores null",
+        "data": null,
+        "schema_id": "required_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "ignores boolean",
+        "data": true,
+        "schema_id": "required_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "required default validation",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "properties": {
+            "foo": {}
+          },
+          "$id": "required_1_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "not required by default",
+        "data": {},
+        "schema_id": "required_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "required with empty array",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "properties": {
+            "foo": {}
+          },
+          "required": [],
+          "$id": "required_2_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "property not required",
+        "data": {},
+        "schema_id": "required_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "required with escaped characters",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "required": [
+            "foo\nbar",
+            "foo\"bar",
+            "foo\\bar",
+            "foo\rbar",
+            "foo\tbar",
+            "foo\fbar"
+          ],
+          "extensible": true,
+          "$id": "required_3_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "object with all properties present is valid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo\nbar": 1,
+          "foo\"bar": 1,
+          "foo\\bar": 1,
+          "foo\rbar": 1,
+          "foo\tbar": 1,
+          "foo\fbar": 1
+        },
+        "schema_id": "required_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "object with some properties missing is invalid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo\nbar": "1",
+          "foo\"bar": "1"
+        },
+        "schema_id": "required_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "required properties whose names are Javascript object property names",
+    "comment": "Ensure JS implementations don't universally consider e.g. __proto__ to always be present in an object.",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "required": [
+            "__proto__",
+            "toString",
+            "constructor"
+          ],
+          "extensible": true,
+          "$id": "required_4_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "ignores arrays",
+        "data": [],
+        "schema_id": "required_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "ignores other non-objects",
+        "data": 12,
+        "schema_id": "required_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "none of the properties mentioned",
+        "data": {},
+        "schema_id": "required_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "__proto__ present",
+        "data": {
+          "__proto__": "foo"
+        },
+        "schema_id": "required_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "toString present",
+        "data": {
+          "toString": {
+            "length": 37
+          }
+        },
+        "schema_id": "required_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "constructor present",
+        "data": {
+          "constructor": {
+            "length": 37
+          }
+        },
+        "schema_id": "required_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "all present",
+        "data": {
+          "__proto__": 12,
+          "toString": {
+            "length": "foo"
+          },
+          "constructor": 37
+        },
+        "schema_id": "required_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "extensible: true allows extra properties in required",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "required": [
+            "foo"
+          ],
+          "extensible": true,
+          "$id": "required_5_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "extra property is valid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1,
+          "bar": 2
+        },
+        "schema_id": "required_5_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+]

fixtures/stems.json

@@ -0,0 +1,312 @@
+[
+  {
+    "description": "Stem Engine Unit Tests",
+    "database": {
+      "puncs": [],
+      "enums": [],
+      "relations": [
+        {
+          "id": "rel1",
+          "type": "relation",
+          "constraint": "fk_contact_entity",
+          "source_type": "contact",
+          "source_columns": [
+            "entity_id"
+          ],
+          "destination_type": "person",
+          "destination_columns": [
+            "id"
+          ],
+          "prefix": null
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "rel2",
+          "type": "relation",
+          "constraint": "fk_relationship_target",
+          "source_type": "relationship",
+          "source_columns": [
+            "target_id",
+            "target_type"
+          ],
+          "destination_type": "entity",
+          "destination_columns": [
+            "id",
+            "type"
+          ],
+          "prefix": "target"
+        }
+      ],
+      "types": [
+        {
+          "name": "entity",
+          "hierarchy": [
+            "entity"
+          ],
+          "schemas": [
+            {
+              "$id": "entity",
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {}
+            }
+          ]
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "person",
+          "hierarchy": [
+            "person",
+            "entity"
+          ],
+          "schemas": [
+            {
+              "$id": "person",
+              "$ref": "entity",
+              "properties": {}
+            }
+          ]
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "email_address",
+          "hierarchy": [
+            "email_address",
+            "entity"
+          ],
+          "schemas": [
+            {
+              "$id": "email_address",
+              "$ref": "entity",
+              "properties": {}
+            }
+          ]
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "phone_number",
+          "hierarchy": [
+            "phone_number",
+            "entity"
+          ],
+          "schemas": [
+            {
+              "$id": "phone_number",
+              "$ref": "entity",
+              "properties": {}
+            }
+          ]
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "relationship",
+          "relationship": true,
+          "hierarchy": [
+            "relationship",
+            "entity"
+          ],
+          "schemas": [
+            {
+              "$id": "relationship",
+              "$ref": "entity",
+              "properties": {}
+            }
+          ]
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "contact",
+          "relationship": true,
+          "hierarchy": [
+            "contact",
+            "relationship",
+            "entity"
+          ],
+          "schemas": [
+            {
+              "$id": "contact",
+              "$ref": "relationship",
+              "properties": {
+                "target": {
+                  "oneOf": [
+                    {
+                      "$ref": "phone_number"
+                    },
+                    {
+                      "$ref": "email_address"
+                    }
+                  ]
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          ]
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "save_person",
+          "schemas": [
+            {
+              "$id": "save_person.response",
+              "$ref": "person",
+              "properties": {
+                "contacts": {
+                  "type": "array",
+                  "items": {
+                    "$ref": "contact"
+                  }
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "correctly squashes deep oneOf refs through array paths",
+        "action": "compile",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true,
+          "stems": {
+            "contact": {
+              "": {
+                "schema": {
+                  "$id": "contact",
+                  "$ref": "relationship",
+                  "properties": {
+                    "target": {
+                      "oneOf": [
+                        {
+                          "$ref": "phone_number"
+                        },
+                        {
+                          "$ref": "email_address"
+                        }
+                      ]
+                    }
+                  }
+                },
+                "type": "contact"
+              },
+              "target#(type==\"email_address\")": {
+                "relation": "target_id",
+                "schema": {
+                  "$id": "email_address",
+                  "$ref": "entity",
+                  "properties": {}
+                },
+                "type": "email_address"
+              },
+              "target#(type==\"phone_number\")": {
+                "relation": "target_id",
+                "schema": {
+                  "$id": "phone_number",
+                  "$ref": "entity",
+                  "properties": {}
+                },
+                "type": "phone_number"
+              }
+            },
+            "email_address": {
+              "": {
+                "schema": {
+                  "$id": "email_address",
+                  "$ref": "entity",
+                  "properties": {}
+                },
+                "type": "email_address"
+              }
+            },
+            "entity": {
+              "": {
+                "schema": {
+                  "$id": "entity",
+                  "properties": {},
+                  "type": "object"
+                },
+                "type": "entity"
+              }
+            },
+            "person": {
+              "": {
+                "schema": {
+                  "$id": "person",
+                  "$ref": "entity",
+                  "properties": {}
+                },
+                "type": "person"
+              }
+            },
+            "phone_number": {
+              "": {
+                "schema": {
+                  "$id": "phone_number",
+                  "$ref": "entity",
+                  "properties": {}
+                },
+                "type": "phone_number"
+              }
+            },
+            "relationship": {
+              "": {
+                "schema": {
+                  "$id": "relationship",
+                  "$ref": "entity",
+                  "properties": {}
+                },
+                "type": "relationship"
+              }
+            },
+            "save_person.response": {
+              "": {
+                "schema": {
+                  "$id": "save_person.response",
+                  "$ref": "person",
+                  "properties": {
+                    "contacts": {
+                      "items": {
+                        "$ref": "contact"
+                      },
+                      "type": "array"
+                    }
+                  }
+                },
+                "type": "person"
+              },
+              "contacts.#": {
+                "relation": "contacts_id",
+                "schema": {
+                  "$id": "contact",
+                  "$ref": "relationship",
+                  "properties": {
+                    "target": {
+                      "oneOf": [
+                        {
+                          "$ref": "phone_number"
+                        },
+                        {
+                          "$ref": "email_address"
+                        }
+                      ]
+                    }
+                  }
+                },
+                "type": "contact"
+              },
+              "contacts.#.target#(type==\"email_address\")": {
+                "relation": "target_id",
+                "schema": {
+                  "$id": "email_address",
+                  "$ref": "entity",
+                  "properties": {}
+                },
+                "type": "email_address"
+              },
+              "contacts.#.target#(type==\"phone_number\")": {
+                "relation": "target_id",
+                "schema": {
+                  "$id": "phone_number",
+                  "$ref": "entity",
+                  "properties": {}
+                },
+                "type": "phone_number"
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+]

fixtures/type.json

@@ -0,0 +1,912 @@
+[
+  {
+    "description": "integer type matches integers",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "type": "integer",
+          "$id": "type_0_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "an integer is an integer",
+        "data": 1,
+        "schema_id": "type_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "a float with zero fractional part is an integer",
+        "data": 1,
+        "schema_id": "type_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "a float is not an integer",
+        "data": 1.1,
+        "schema_id": "type_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "a string is not an integer",
+        "data": "foo",
+        "schema_id": "type_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "a string is still not an integer, even if it looks like one",
+        "data": "1",
+        "schema_id": "type_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "an object is not an integer",
+        "data": {},
+        "schema_id": "type_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "an array is not an integer",
+        "data": [],
+        "schema_id": "type_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "a boolean is not an integer",
+        "data": true,
+        "schema_id": "type_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "null is not an integer",
+        "data": null,
+        "schema_id": "type_0_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "number type matches numbers",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "type": "number",
+          "$id": "type_1_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "an integer is a number",
+        "data": 1,
+        "schema_id": "type_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "a float with zero fractional part is a number (and an integer)",
+        "data": 1,
+        "schema_id": "type_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "a float is a number",
+        "data": 1.1,
+        "schema_id": "type_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "a string is not a number",
+        "data": "foo",
+        "schema_id": "type_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "a string is still not a number, even if it looks like one",
+        "data": "1",
+        "schema_id": "type_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "an object is not a number",
+        "data": {},
+        "schema_id": "type_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "an array is not a number",
+        "data": [],
+        "schema_id": "type_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "a boolean is not a number",
+        "data": true,
+        "schema_id": "type_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "null is not a number",
+        "data": null,
+        "schema_id": "type_1_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "string type matches strings",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "$id": "type_2_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "1 is not a string",
+        "data": 1,
+        "schema_id": "type_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "a float is not a string",
+        "data": 1.1,
+        "schema_id": "type_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "a string is a string",
+        "data": "foo",
+        "schema_id": "type_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "a string is still a string, even if it looks like a number",
+        "data": "1",
+        "schema_id": "type_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "an empty string is still a string",
+        "data": "",
+        "schema_id": "type_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "an object is not a string",
+        "data": {},
+        "schema_id": "type_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "an array is not a string",
+        "data": [],
+        "schema_id": "type_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "a boolean is not a string",
+        "data": true,
+        "schema_id": "type_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "null is not a string",
+        "data": null,
+        "schema_id": "type_2_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "object type matches objects",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "$id": "type_3_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "an integer is not an object",
+        "data": 1,
+        "schema_id": "type_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "a float is not an object",
+        "data": 1.1,
+        "schema_id": "type_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "a string is not an object",
+        "data": "foo",
+        "schema_id": "type_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "an object is an object",
+        "data": {},
+        "schema_id": "type_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "an array is not an object",
+        "data": [],
+        "schema_id": "type_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "a boolean is not an object",
+        "data": true,
+        "schema_id": "type_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "null is not an object",
+        "data": null,
+        "schema_id": "type_3_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "array type matches arrays",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "type": "array",
+          "$id": "type_4_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "an integer is not an array",
+        "data": 1,
+        "schema_id": "type_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "a float is not an array",
+        "data": 1.1,
+        "schema_id": "type_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "a string is not an array",
+        "data": "foo",
+        "schema_id": "type_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "an object is not an array",
+        "data": {},
+        "schema_id": "type_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "an array is an array",
+        "data": [],
+        "schema_id": "type_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "a boolean is not an array",
+        "data": true,
+        "schema_id": "type_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "null is not an array",
+        "data": null,
+        "schema_id": "type_4_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "boolean type matches booleans",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "type": "boolean",
+          "$id": "type_5_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "an integer is not a boolean",
+        "data": 1,
+        "schema_id": "type_5_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "zero is not a boolean",
+        "data": 0,
+        "schema_id": "type_5_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "a float is not a boolean",
+        "data": 1.1,
+        "schema_id": "type_5_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "a string is not a boolean",
+        "data": "foo",
+        "schema_id": "type_5_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "an empty string is a null",
+        "data": "",
+        "schema_id": "type_5_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "an object is not a boolean",
+        "data": {},
+        "schema_id": "type_5_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "an array is not a boolean",
+        "data": [],
+        "schema_id": "type_5_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "true is a boolean",
+        "data": true,
+        "schema_id": "type_5_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "false is a boolean",
+        "data": false,
+        "schema_id": "type_5_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "null is not a boolean",
+        "data": null,
+        "schema_id": "type_5_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "null type matches only the null object",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "type": "null",
+          "$id": "type_6_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "an integer is not null",
+        "data": 1,
+        "schema_id": "type_6_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "a float is not null",
+        "data": 1.1,
+        "schema_id": "type_6_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "zero is not null",
+        "data": 0,
+        "schema_id": "type_6_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "a string is not null",
+        "data": "foo",
+        "schema_id": "type_6_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "an empty string is null",
+        "data": "",
+        "schema_id": "type_6_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "an object is not null",
+        "data": {},
+        "schema_id": "type_6_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "an array is not null",
+        "data": [],
+        "schema_id": "type_6_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "true is not null",
+        "data": true,
+        "schema_id": "type_6_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "false is not null",
+        "data": false,
+        "schema_id": "type_6_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "null is null",
+        "data": null,
+        "schema_id": "type_6_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "multiple types can be specified in an array",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "type": [
+            "integer",
+            "string"
+          ],
+          "$id": "type_7_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "an integer is valid",
+        "data": 1,
+        "schema_id": "type_7_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "a string is valid",
+        "data": "foo",
+        "schema_id": "type_7_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "a float is invalid",
+        "data": 1.1,
+        "schema_id": "type_7_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "an object is invalid",
+        "data": {},
+        "schema_id": "type_7_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "an array is invalid",
+        "data": [],
+        "schema_id": "type_7_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "a boolean is invalid",
+        "data": true,
+        "schema_id": "type_7_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "null is invalid",
+        "data": null,
+        "schema_id": "type_7_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "type as array with one item",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "type": [
+            "string"
+          ],
+          "$id": "type_8_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "string is valid",
+        "data": "foo",
+        "schema_id": "type_8_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "number is invalid",
+        "data": 123,
+        "schema_id": "type_8_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "type: array or object",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "type": [
+            "array",
+            "object"
+          ],
+          "items": {},
+          "$id": "type_9_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "array is valid",
+        "data": [
+          1,
+          2,
+          3
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "type_9_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "object is valid",
+        "data": {},
+        "schema_id": "type_9_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "number is invalid",
+        "data": 123,
+        "schema_id": "type_9_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "string is invalid",
+        "data": "foo",
+        "schema_id": "type_9_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "null is invalid",
+        "data": null,
+        "schema_id": "type_9_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "type: array, object or null",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "type": [
+            "array",
+            "object",
+            "null"
+          ],
+          "items": {},
+          "$id": "type_10_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "array is valid",
+        "data": [
+          1,
+          2,
+          3
+        ],
+        "schema_id": "type_10_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "object is valid",
+        "data": {},
+        "schema_id": "type_10_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "null is valid",
+        "data": null,
+        "schema_id": "type_10_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "number is invalid",
+        "data": 123,
+        "schema_id": "type_10_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "description": "string is invalid",
+        "data": "foo",
+        "schema_id": "type_10_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": false
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "description": "extensible: true allows extra properties",
+    "database": {
+      "schemas": [
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "extensible": true,
+          "$id": "type_11_0"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tests": [
+      {
+        "description": "extra property is valid",
+        "data": {
+          "foo": 1
+        },
+        "schema_id": "type_11_0",
+        "action": "validate",
+        "expect": {
+          "success": true
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+]

flow

@@ -8,32 +8,35 @@ source ./flows/packaging
 source ./flows/rust
 
 # Vars
-POSTGRES_VERSION="17"
+POSTGRES_VERSION="18"
 POSTGRES_CONFIG_PATH="/opt/homebrew/opt/postgresql@${POSTGRES_VERSION}/bin/pg_config"
 DEPENDENCIES+=(icu4c pkg-config "postgresql@${POSTGRES_VERSION}")
 CARGO_DEPENDENCIES=(cargo-pgrx==0.16.1)
 GITEA_ORGANIZATION="cellular"
 GITEA_REPOSITORY="jspg"
 
-pgrx-prepare() {
+pgrx-up() {
   info "Initializing pgrx..."
   # Explicitly point to the postgresql@${POSTGRES_VERSION} pg_config, don't rely on 'which'
   local POSTGRES_CONFIG_PATH="/opt/homebrew/opt/postgresql@${POSTGRES_VERSION}/bin/pg_config"
 
   if [ ! -x "$POSTGRES_CONFIG_PATH" ]; then
-    error "pg_config not found or not executable at $POSTGRES_CONFIG_PATH."
     warning "Ensure postgresql@${POSTGRES_VERSION} is installed correctly via Homebrew."
-    return 2
+    abort "pg_config not found or not executable at $POSTGRES_CONFIG_PATH." 2
   fi
 
   if cargo pgrx init --pg"$POSTGRES_VERSION"="$POSTGRES_CONFIG_PATH"; then
-    success "pgrx initialized successfully."
-  else
-    error "Failed to initialize pgrx. Check PostgreSQL development packages are installed and $POSTGRES_CONFIG_PATH is valid."
-    return 2
+    success "pgrx initialized successfully." && return 0
   fi
+
+  abort "Failed to initialize pgrx. Check PostgreSQL development packages are installed and $POSTGRES_CONFIG_PATH is valid." 2
 }
 
+pgrx-down() {
+  info "Taking pgrx down..."
+}
+
+
 build() {
   local version
   version=$(get-version) || return $?
@@ -49,12 +52,12 @@ build() {
 
   # Create the source tarball excluding specified patterns
   info "Creating tarball: ${tarball_path}"
-  if tar --exclude='.git*' --exclude='./target' --exclude='./package' --exclude='./flows' --exclude='./flow' -czf "${tarball_path}" .; then
-      success "Successfully created source tarball: ${tarball_path}"
-  else
-      error "Failed to create source tarball."
-      return 2
+  # Set COPYFILE_DISABLE=1 to prevent macOS tar from including ._ metadata files
+  if COPYFILE_DISABLE=1 tar --exclude='.git*' --exclude='./target' --exclude='./package' --exclude='./flows' --exclude='./flow' -czf "${tarball_path}" .; then
+    success "Successfully created source tarball: ${tarball_path}" && return 0
   fi
+  
+  abort "Failed to create source tarball." 2
 }
 
 install() {
@@ -65,8 +68,7 @@ install() {
 
   # Run the pgrx install command
   if ! cargo pgrx install; then 
-      error "cargo pgrx install command failed."
-      return 2
+      abort "cargo pgrx install command failed." 2
   fi
   success "PGRX extension v$version successfully built and installed."
 
@@ -75,36 +77,28 @@ install() {
   pg_sharedir=$("$POSTGRES_CONFIG_PATH" --sharedir)
   local pg_config_status=$?
   if [ $pg_config_status -ne 0 ] || [ -z "$pg_sharedir" ]; then
-      error "Failed to determine PostgreSQL shared directory using pg_config."
-      return 2
+      abort "Failed to determine PostgreSQL shared directory using pg_config." 2
   fi
   local installed_control_path="${pg_sharedir}/extension/jspg.control"
 
   # Modify the control file
   if [ ! -f "$installed_control_path" ]; then
-      error "Installed control file not found: '$installed_control_path'"
-      return 2
+    abort "Installed control file not found: '$installed_control_path'" 2
   fi
 
   info "Modifying control file for non-superuser access: ${installed_control_path}"
   # Use sed -i '' for macOS compatibility
   if sed -i '' '/^superuser = false/d' "$installed_control_path" && \
      echo 'trusted = true' >> "$installed_control_path"; then
-    success "Control file modified successfully."
-  else
-    error "Failed to modify control file: ${installed_control_path}"
-    return 2
+    success "Control file modified successfully." && return 0
   fi
+
+  abort "Failed to modify control file: ${installed_control_path}" 2
 }
 
-test-jspg() {
+test() {
   info "Running jspg tests..."
-  cargo pgrx test "pg${POSTGRES_VERSION}" "$@" || return $?
-}
-
-test-validator() {
-  info "Running validator tests..."
-  cargo test -p boon --features "pgrx/pg${POSTGRES_VERSION}" "$@" || return $?
+  cargo test --tests "$@" || return $?
 }
 
 clean() {
@@ -113,27 +107,27 @@ clean() {
 }
 
 jspg-usage() {
-  printf "prepare\tCheck OS, Cargo, and PGRX dependencies.\n"
-  printf "install\tBuild and install the extension locally (after prepare).\n"
-  printf "reinstall\tClean, build, and install the extension locally (after prepare).\n"
-  printf "test-jspg\t\tRun pgrx integration tests.\n"
-  printf "test-validator\t\tRun validator integration tests.\n"
-  printf "clean\t\tRemove pgrx build artifacts.\n"
+  echo "up|Check OS, Cargo, and PGRX dependencies."
+  echo "install|Build and install the extension locally (after up)."
+  echo "reinstall|Clean, build, and install the extension locally (after up)."
+  echo "test-jspg|Run pgrx integration tests."
+  echo "test-validator|Run validator integration tests."
+  echo "clean|Remove pgrx build artifacts."
 }
 
 jspg-flow() {
   case "$1" in
-    prepare) prepare && cargo-prepare && pgrx-prepare; return $?;; 
+    up) up && rust-up && pgrx-up; return $?;; 
+    down) pgrx-down && rust-down && down; return $?;; 
     build) build; return $?;; 
     install) install; return $?;; 
     reinstall) clean && install; return $?;; 
-    test-jspg) test-jspg "${@:2}"; return $?;;
-    test-validator) test-validator "${@:2}"; return $?;; 
+    test) test "${@:2}"; return $?;; 
     clean) clean; return $?;;
-    *) return 1 ;;
+    *) return 127 ;;
   esac
 }
 
-register-flow "jspg-usage" "jspg-flow"
+register-flow "jspg"
 
 dispatch "$@"

src/bin/pgrx_embed.rs

@@ -1 +1 @@
-::pgrx::pgrx_embed!();
+::pgrx::pgrx_embed!();

src/database/enum.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+use crate::database::schema::Schema;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Default)]
+#[serde(default)]
+pub struct Enum {
+  pub name: String,
+  pub module: String,
+  pub source: String,
+  pub values: Vec<String>,
+  pub schemas: Vec<Schema>,
+}

src/database/executors/mock.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+#[cfg(test)]
+use crate::database::executors::DatabaseExecutor;
+#[cfg(test)]
+use regex::Regex;
+#[cfg(test)]
+use serde_json::Value;
+#[cfg(test)]
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub struct MockState {
+  pub captured_queries: Vec<String>,
+  pub query_responses: Vec<Result<Value, String>>,
+  pub execute_responses: Vec<Result<(), String>>,
+  pub mocks: Vec<Value>,
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+impl MockState {
+  pub fn new() -> Self {
+    Self {
+      captured_queries: Default::default(),
+      query_responses: Default::default(),
+      execute_responses: Default::default(),
+      mocks: Default::default(),
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+thread_local! {
+  pub static MOCK_STATE: RefCell<MockState> = RefCell::new(MockState::new());
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub struct MockExecutor {}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+impl MockExecutor {
+  pub fn new() -> Self {
+    Self {}
+  }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+impl DatabaseExecutor for MockExecutor {
+  fn query(&self, sql: &str, _args: Option<&[Value]>) -> Result<Value, String> {
+    println!("DEBUG SQL QUERY: {}", sql);
+    MOCK_STATE.with(|state| {
+      let mut s = state.borrow_mut();
+      s.captured_queries.push(sql.to_string());
+
+      if !s.mocks.is_empty() {
+        if let Some(matches) = parse_and_match_mocks(sql, &s.mocks) {
+          if !matches.is_empty() {
+            return Ok(Value::Array(matches));
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      if s.query_responses.is_empty() {
+        return Ok(Value::Array(vec![]));
+      }
+      s.query_responses.remove(0)
+    })
+  }
+
+  fn execute(&self, sql: &str, _args: Option<&[Value]>) -> Result<(), String> {
+    println!("DEBUG SQL EXECUTE: {}", sql);
+    MOCK_STATE.with(|state| {
+      let mut s = state.borrow_mut();
+      s.captured_queries.push(sql.to_string());
+      if s.execute_responses.is_empty() {
+        return Ok(());
+      }
+      s.execute_responses.remove(0)
+    })
+  }
+
+  fn auth_user_id(&self) -> Result<String, String> {
+    Ok("00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000".to_string())
+  }
+
+  fn timestamp(&self) -> Result<String, String> {
+    Ok("2026-03-10T00:00:00Z".to_string())
+  }
+
+  #[cfg(test)]
+  fn get_queries(&self) -> Vec<String> {
+    MOCK_STATE.with(|state| state.borrow().captured_queries.clone())
+  }
+
+  #[cfg(test)]
+  fn set_mocks(&self, mocks: Vec<Value>) {
+    MOCK_STATE.with(|state| {
+      state.borrow_mut().mocks = mocks;
+    });
+  }
+
+  #[cfg(test)]
+  fn reset_mocks(&self) {
+    MOCK_STATE.with(|state| {
+      let mut s = state.borrow_mut();
+      s.captured_queries.clear();
+      s.query_responses.clear();
+      s.execute_responses.clear();
+      s.mocks.clear();
+    });
+  }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+fn parse_and_match_mocks(sql: &str, mocks: &[Value]) -> Option<Vec<Value>> {
+  let sql_upper = sql.to_uppercase();
+  if !sql_upper.starts_with("SELECT") {
+    return None;
+  }
+
+  // 1. Extract table name
+  let table_regex = Regex::new(r#"(?i)\s+FROM\s+(?:[a-zA-Z_]\w*\.)?"?([a-zA-Z_]\w*)"?"#).ok()?;
+  let table = if let Some(caps) = table_regex.captures(sql) {
+    caps.get(1)?.as_str()
+  } else {
+    return None;
+  };
+
+  // 2. Extract WHERE conditions
+  let mut conditions = Vec::new();
+  if let Some(where_idx) = sql_upper.find(" WHERE ") {
+    let mut where_end = sql_upper.find(" ORDER BY ").unwrap_or(sql.len());
+    if let Some(limit_idx) = sql_upper.find(" LIMIT ") {
+      if limit_idx < where_end {
+        where_end = limit_idx;
+      }
+    }
+    let where_clause = &sql[where_idx + 7..where_end];
+    let and_regex = Regex::new(r"(?i)\s+AND\s+").ok()?;
+    let parts = and_regex.split(where_clause);
+    for part in parts {
+      if let Some(eq_idx) = part.find('=') {
+        let left = part[..eq_idx]
+          .trim()
+          .split('.')
+          .last()
+          .unwrap_or("")
+          .trim_matches('"');
+        let right = part[eq_idx + 1..].trim().trim_matches('\'');
+        conditions.push((left.to_string(), right.to_string()));
+      } else if part.to_uppercase().contains(" IS NULL") {
+        let left = part[..part.to_uppercase().find(" IS NULL").unwrap()]
+          .trim()
+          .split('.')
+          .last()
+          .unwrap_or("")
+          .replace('"', ""); // Remove quotes explicitly
+        conditions.push((left, "null".to_string()));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // 3. Find matching mocks
+  let mut matches = Vec::new();
+  for mock in mocks {
+    if let Some(mock_obj) = mock.as_object() {
+      if let Some(t) = mock_obj.get("type") {
+        if t.as_str() != Some(table) {
+          continue;
+        }
+      }
+
+      let mut matches_all = true;
+      for (k, v) in &conditions {
+        let mock_val_str = match mock_obj.get(k) {
+          Some(Value::String(s)) => s.clone(),
+          Some(Value::Number(n)) => n.to_string(),
+          Some(Value::Bool(b)) => b.to_string(),
+          Some(Value::Null) => "null".to_string(),
+          _ => {
+            matches_all = false;
+            break;
+          }
+        };
+        if mock_val_str != *v {
+          matches_all = false;
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+
+      if matches_all {
+        matches.push(mock.clone());
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  Some(matches)
+}

src/database/executors/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+pub mod mock;
+
+#[cfg(not(test))]
+pub mod pgrx;
+
+use serde_json::Value;
+
+/// An abstraction over database execution to allow for isolated unit testing
+/// without a live Postgres SPI connection.
+pub trait DatabaseExecutor: Send + Sync {
+  /// Executes a query expecting a single JSONB return, representing rows.
+  fn query(&self, sql: &str, args: Option<&[Value]>) -> Result<Value, String>;
+
+  /// Executes an operation (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, or pg_notify) that does not return rows.
+  fn execute(&self, sql: &str, args: Option<&[Value]>) -> Result<(), String>;
+
+  /// Returns the current authenticated user's ID
+  fn auth_user_id(&self) -> Result<String, String>;
+
+  /// Returns the current transaction timestamp
+  fn timestamp(&self) -> Result<String, String>;
+
+  #[cfg(test)]
+  fn get_queries(&self) -> Vec<String>;
+
+  #[cfg(test)]
+  fn reset_mocks(&self);
+
+  #[cfg(test)]
+  fn set_mocks(&self, mocks: Vec<Value>);
+}

src/database/executors/pgrx.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+use crate::database::executors::DatabaseExecutor;
+use pgrx::prelude::*;
+use serde_json::Value;
+
+/// The production executor that wraps `pgrx::spi::Spi`.
+pub struct SpiExecutor;
+
+impl SpiExecutor {
+  pub fn new() -> Self {
+    Self {}
+  }
+}
+
+impl DatabaseExecutor for SpiExecutor {
+  fn query(&self, sql: &str, args: Option<&[Value]>) -> Result<Value, String> {
+    let mut json_args = Vec::new();
+    let mut args_with_oid: Vec<pgrx::datum::DatumWithOid> = Vec::new();
+    if let Some(params) = args {
+      for val in params {
+        json_args.push(pgrx::JsonB(val.clone()));
+      }
+      for j_val in json_args.into_iter() {
+        args_with_oid.push(pgrx::datum::DatumWithOid::from(j_val));
+      }
+    }
+
+    Spi::connect(|client| {
+      match client.select(sql, Some(args_with_oid.len() as i64), &args_with_oid) {
+        Ok(tup_table) => {
+          let mut results = Vec::new();
+          for row in tup_table {
+            if let Ok(Some(jsonb)) = row.get::<pgrx::JsonB>(1) {
+              results.push(jsonb.0);
+            }
+          }
+          Ok(Value::Array(results))
+        }
+        Err(e) => Err(format!("SPI Query Fetch Failure: {}", e)),
+      }
+    })
+  }
+
+  fn execute(&self, sql: &str, args: Option<&[Value]>) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let mut json_args = Vec::new();
+    let mut args_with_oid: Vec<pgrx::datum::DatumWithOid> = Vec::new();
+    if let Some(params) = args {
+      for val in params {
+        json_args.push(pgrx::JsonB(val.clone()));
+      }
+      for j_val in json_args.into_iter() {
+        args_with_oid.push(pgrx::datum::DatumWithOid::from(j_val));
+      }
+    }
+
+    Spi::connect_mut(|client| {
+      match client.update(sql, Some(args_with_oid.len() as i64), &args_with_oid) {
+        Ok(_) => Ok(()),
+        Err(e) => Err(format!("SPI Execution Failure: {}", e)),
+      }
+    })
+  }
+
+  fn auth_user_id(&self) -> Result<String, String> {
+    Spi::connect(|client| {
+      let mut tup_table = client
+        .select(
+          "SELECT COALESCE(current_setting('auth.user_id', true), 'ffffffff-ffff-ffff-ffff-ffffffffffff')",
+          None,
+          &[],
+        )
+        .map_err(|e| format!("SPI Select Error: {}", e))?;
+
+      let row = tup_table
+        .next()
+        .ok_or("No user id setting returned from context".to_string())?;
+      let user_id: Option<String> = row.get(1).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
+
+      user_id.ok_or("Missing user_id".to_string())
+    })
+  }
+
+  fn timestamp(&self) -> Result<String, String> {
+    Spi::connect(|client| {
+      let mut tup_table = client
+        .select("SELECT clock_timestamp()::text", None, &[])
+        .map_err(|e| format!("SPI Select Error: {}", e))?;
+
+      let row = tup_table
+        .next()
+        .ok_or("No clock timestamp returned".to_string())?;
+      let timestamp: Option<String> = row.get(1).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
+
+      timestamp.ok_or("Missing timestamp".to_string())
+    })
+  }
+}

src/database/formats.rs

@@ -4,12 +4,12 @@ use std::{
   net::{Ipv4Addr, Ipv6Addr},
 };
 
-use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
+use lazy_static::lazy_static;
 use percent_encoding::percent_decode_str;
 use serde_json::Value;
 use url::Url;
 
-use crate::ecma;
+// use crate::ecma; // Assuming ecma is not yet available, stubbing regex for now
 
 /// Defines format for `format` keyword.
 #[derive(Clone, Copy)]
@@ -18,43 +18,50 @@ pub struct Format {
   pub name: &'static str,
 
   /// validates given value.
-  pub func: fn(v: &Value) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>>,
+  pub func: fn(v: &Value) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>, // Ensure thread safety if needed
 }
 
-pub(crate) static FORMATS: Lazy<HashMap<&'static str, Format>> = Lazy::new(|| {
-  let mut m = HashMap::<&'static str, Format>::new();
-  let mut register = |name, func| m.insert(name, Format { name, func });
-  register("regex", validate_regex);
-  register("ipv4", validate_ipv4);
-  register("ipv6", validate_ipv6);
-  register("hostname", validate_hostname);
-  register("idn-hostname", validate_idn_hostname);
-  register("email", validate_email);
-  register("idn-email", validate_idn_email);
-  register("date", validate_date);
-  register("time", validate_time);
-  register("date-time", validate_date_time);
-  register("duration", validate_duration);
-  register("period", validate_period);
-  register("json-pointer", validate_json_pointer);
-  register("relative-json-pointer", validate_relative_json_pointer);
-  register("uuid", validate_uuid);
-  register("uri", validate_uri);
-  register("iri", validate_iri);
-  register("uri-reference", validate_uri_reference);
-  register("iri-reference", validate_iri_reference);
-  register("uri-template", validate_uri_template);
-  m
-});
+lazy_static! {
+    pub(crate) static ref FORMATS: HashMap<&'static str, Format> = {
+        let mut m = HashMap::<&'static str, Format>::new();
+        // Helper to register formats
+        let mut register = |name, func| m.insert(name, Format { name, func });
 
-fn validate_regex(v: &Value) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-  let Value::String(s) = v else {
-    return Ok(());
-  };
-  ecma::convert(s).map(|_| ())
+        // register("regex", validate_regex); // Stubbed
+        register("ipv4", validate_ipv4);
+        register("ipv6", validate_ipv6);
+        register("hostname", validate_hostname);
+        register("idn-hostname", validate_idn_hostname);
+        register("email", validate_email);
+        register("idn-email", validate_idn_email);
+        register("date", validate_date);
+        register("time", validate_time);
+        register("date-time", validate_date_time);
+        register("duration", validate_duration);
+        register("period", validate_period);
+        register("json-pointer", validate_json_pointer);
+        register("relative-json-pointer", validate_relative_json_pointer);
+        register("uuid", validate_uuid);
+        register("uri", validate_uri);
+        register("iri", validate_iri);
+        register("uri-reference", validate_uri_reference);
+        register("iri-reference", validate_iri_reference);
+        register("uri-template", validate_uri_template);
+        m
+    };
 }
 
-fn validate_ipv4(v: &Value) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+/*
+fn validate_regex(v: &Value) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    let Value::String(s) = v else {
+        return Ok(());
+    };
+    // ecma::convert(s).map(|_| ())
+    Ok(())
+}
+*/
+
+fn validate_ipv4(v: &Value) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
   let Value::String(s) = v else {
     return Ok(());
   };
@@ -62,7 +69,7 @@ fn validate_ipv4(v: &Value) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
   Ok(())
 }
 
-fn validate_ipv6(v: &Value) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+fn validate_ipv6(v: &Value) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
   let Value::String(s) = v else {
     return Ok(());
   };
@@ -70,11 +77,12 @@ fn validate_ipv6(v: &Value) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
   Ok(())
 }
 
-fn validate_date(v: &Value) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+fn validate_date(v: &Value) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
   let Value::String(s) = v else {
     return Ok(());
   };
-  check_date(s)
+  check_date(s)?;
+  Ok(())
 }
 
 fn matches_char(s: &str, index: usize, ch: char) -> bool {
@@ -82,7 +90,7 @@ fn matches_char(s: &str, index: usize, ch: char) -> bool {
 }
 
 // see https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3339#section-5.6
-fn check_date(s: &str) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+fn check_date(s: &str) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
   // yyyy-mm-dd
   if s.len() != 10 {
     Err("must be 10 characters long")?;
@@ -123,14 +131,14 @@ fn check_date(s: &str) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
   Ok(())
 }
 
-fn validate_time(v: &Value) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+fn validate_time(v: &Value) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
   let Value::String(s) = v else {
     return Ok(());
   };
   check_time(s)
 }
 
-fn check_time(mut str: &str) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+fn check_time(mut str: &str) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
   // min: hh:mm:ssZ
   if str.len() < 9 {
     Err("less than 9 characters long")?
@@ -203,14 +211,14 @@ fn check_time(mut str: &str) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
   Ok(())
 }
 
-fn validate_date_time(v: &Value) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+fn validate_date_time(v: &Value) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
   let Value::String(s) = v else {
     return Ok(());
   };
   check_date_time(s)
 }
 
-fn check_date_time(s: &str) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+fn check_date_time(s: &str) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
   // min: yyyy-mm-ddThh:mm:ssZ
   if s.len() < 20 {
     Err("less than 20 characters long")?;
@@ -227,15 +235,16 @@ fn check_date_time(s: &str) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
   Ok(())
 }
 
-fn validate_duration(v: &Value) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+fn validate_duration(v: &Value) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
   let Value::String(s) = v else {
     return Ok(());
   };
-  check_duration(s)
+  check_duration(s)?;
+  Ok(())
 }
 
 // see https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3339#appendix-A
-fn check_duration(s: &str) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+fn check_duration(s: &str) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
   // must start with 'P'
   let Some(s) = s.strip_prefix('P') else {
     Err("must start with P")?
@@ -288,7 +297,7 @@ fn check_duration(s: &str) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
 }
 
 // see https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3339#appendix-A
-fn validate_period(v: &Value) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+fn validate_period(v: &Value) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
   let Value::String(s) = v else {
     return Ok(());
   };
@@ -320,17 +329,18 @@ fn validate_period(v: &Value) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
   Ok(())
 }
 
-fn validate_hostname(v: &Value) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+fn validate_hostname(v: &Value) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
   let Value::String(s) = v else {
     return Ok(());
   };
-  check_hostname(s)
+  check_hostname(s)?;
+  Ok(())
 }
 
 // see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostname#Restrictions_on_valid_host_names
-fn check_hostname(mut s: &str) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+fn check_hostname(s: &str) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
   // entire hostname (including the delimiting dots but not a trailing dot) has a maximum of 253 ASCII characters
-  s = s.strip_suffix('.').unwrap_or(s);
+
   if s.len() > 253 {
     Err("more than 253 characters long")?
   }
@@ -359,36 +369,60 @@ fn check_hostname(mut s: &str) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
     {
       Err(format!("invalid character {ch:?}"))?;
     }
+
+    // labels must not contain "--" in 3rd and 4th position unless they start with "xn--"
+    if label.len() >= 4 && &label[2..4] == "--" {
+      if !label.starts_with("xn--") {
+        Err("label has -- in 3rd/4th position but does not start with xn--")?;
+      } else {
+        let (unicode, errors) = idna::domain_to_unicode(label);
+        if errors.is_err() {
+          Err("invalid punycode")?;
+        }
+        check_unicode_idn_constraints(&unicode)
+          .map_err(|e| format!("invalid punycode/IDN: {e}"))?;
+      }
+    }
   }
 
   Ok(())
 }
 
-fn validate_idn_hostname(v: &Value) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+fn validate_idn_hostname(v: &Value) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
   let Value::String(s) = v else {
     return Ok(());
   };
-  check_idn_hostname(s)
+  check_idn_hostname(s)?;
+  Ok(())
 }
 
-fn check_idn_hostname(s: &str) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-  let s = idna::domain_to_ascii_strict(s)?;
-  let unicode = idna::domain_to_unicode(&s).0;
+static DISALLOWED: [char; 10] = [
+  '\u{0640}', //  ARABIC TATWEEL
+  '\u{07FA}', //  NKO LAJANYALAN
+  '\u{302E}', //  HANGUL SINGLE DOT TONE MARK
+  '\u{302F}', //  HANGUL DOUBLE DOT TONE MARK
+  '\u{3031}', //  VERTICAL KANA REPEAT MARK
+  '\u{3032}', //  VERTICAL KANA REPEAT WITH VOICED SOUND MARK
+  '\u{3033}', //  VERTICAL KANA REPEAT MARK UPPER HALF
+  '\u{3034}', //  VERTICAL KANA REPEAT WITH VOICED SOUND MARK UPPER HA
+  '\u{3035}', //  VERTICAL KANA REPEAT MARK LOWER HALF
+  '\u{303B}', //  VERTICAL IDEOGRAPHIC ITERATION MARK
+];
 
+fn check_idn_hostname(s: &str) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+  let s = idna::domain_to_ascii_strict(s).map_err(|e| format!("idna error: {:?}", e))?;
+  let (unicode, errors) = idna::domain_to_unicode(&s);
+  if let Err(e) = errors {
+    Err(format!("idna decoding error: {:?}", e))?;
+  }
+  check_unicode_idn_constraints(&unicode)?;
+  check_hostname(&s)?;
+  Ok(())
+}
+
+fn check_unicode_idn_constraints(unicode: &str) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
   // see https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5892#section-2.6
   {
-    static DISALLOWED: [char; 10] = [
-      '\u{0640}', // ARABIC TATWEEL
-      '\u{07FA}', // NKO LAJANYALAN
-      '\u{302E}', // HANGUL SINGLE DOT TONE MARK
-      '\u{302F}', // HANGUL DOUBLE DOT TONE MARK
-      '\u{3031}', // VERTICAL KANA REPEAT MARK
-      '\u{3032}', // VERTICAL KANA REPEAT WITH VOICED SOUND MARK
-      '\u{3033}', // VERTICAL KANA REPEAT MARK UPPER HALF
-      '\u{3034}', // VERTICAL KANA REPEAT WITH VOICED SOUND MARK UPPER HA
-      '\u{3035}', // VERTICAL KANA REPEAT MARK LOWER HALF
-      '\u{303B}', // VERTICAL IDEOGRAPHIC ITERATION MARK
-    ];
     if unicode.contains(DISALLOWED) {
       Err("contains disallowed character")?;
     }
@@ -413,7 +447,7 @@ fn check_idn_hostname(s: &str) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
   // see https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5892#appendix-A.3
   {
     let middle_dot = '\u{00b7}';
-    let mut s = unicode.as_str();
+    let mut s = unicode;
     while let Some(i) = s.find(middle_dot) {
       let prefix = &s[..i];
       let suffix = &s[i + middle_dot.len_utf8()..];
@@ -429,7 +463,7 @@ fn check_idn_hostname(s: &str) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
   {
     let keralia = '\u{0375}';
     let greek = '\u{0370}'..='\u{03FF}';
-    let mut s = unicode.as_str();
+    let mut s = unicode;
     while let Some(i) = s.find(keralia) {
       let suffix = &s[i + keralia.len_utf8()..];
       if !suffix.starts_with(|c| greek.contains(&c)) {
@@ -449,10 +483,9 @@ fn check_idn_hostname(s: &str) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
     let gereshayim = '\u{05F4}';
     let hebrew = '\u{0590}'..='\u{05FF}';
     for ch in [geresh, gereshayim] {
-      let mut s = unicode.as_str();
+      let mut s = unicode;
       while let Some(i) = s.find(ch) {
         let prefix = &s[..i];
-        let suffix = &s[i + ch.len_utf8()..];
         if !prefix.ends_with(|c| hebrew.contains(&c)) {
           if i == 0 {
             Err("Hebrew GERESH must be preceded by Hebrew character")?;
@@ -460,6 +493,7 @@ fn check_idn_hostname(s: &str) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
             Err("Hebrew GERESHYIM must be preceded by Hebrew character")?;
           }
         }
+        let suffix = &s[i + ch.len_utf8()..];
         s = suffix;
       }
     }
@@ -469,10 +503,10 @@ fn check_idn_hostname(s: &str) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
   // see https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5892#appendix-A.7
   {
     let katakana_middle_dot = '\u{30FB}';
-    let hiragana = '\u{3040}'..='\u{309F}';
-    let katakana = '\u{30A0}'..='\u{30FF}';
-    let han = '\u{4E00}'..='\u{9FFF}'; // https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs_(Unicode_block): is this range correct??
     if unicode.contains(katakana_middle_dot) {
+      let hiragana = '\u{3040}'..='\u{309F}';
+      let katakana = '\u{30A0}'..='\u{30FF}';
+      let han = '\u{4E00}'..='\u{9FFF}'; // https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs_(Unicode_block): is this range correct??
       if unicode.contains(|c| hiragana.contains(&c))
         || unicode.contains(|c| c != katakana_middle_dot && katakana.contains(&c))
         || unicode.contains(|c| han.contains(&c))
@@ -564,29 +598,30 @@ fn check_idn_hostname(s: &str) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
       '\u{11D45}',
       '\u{11D97}',
     ]; // https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/combining/9
-    let mut s = unicode.as_str();
+    let mut s = unicode;
     while let Some(i) = s.find(zero_width_jointer) {
       let prefix = &s[..i];
-      let suffix = &s[i + zero_width_jointer.len_utf8()..];
       if !prefix.ends_with(VIRAMA) {
         Err("ZERO WIDTH JOINER must be preceded by Virama")?;
       }
+      let suffix = &s[i + zero_width_jointer.len_utf8()..];
       s = suffix;
     }
   }
 
-  check_hostname(&s)
+  Ok(())
 }
 
-fn validate_email(v: &Value) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+fn validate_email(v: &Value) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
   let Value::String(s) = v else {
     return Ok(());
   };
-  check_email(s)
+  check_email(s)?;
+  Ok(())
 }
 
 // see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_address
-fn check_email(s: &str) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+fn check_email(s: &str) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
   // entire email address to be no more than 254 characters long
   if s.len() > 254 {
     Err("more than 254 characters long")?
@@ -656,7 +691,7 @@ fn check_email(s: &str) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
   Ok(())
 }
 
-fn validate_idn_email(v: &Value) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+fn validate_idn_email(v: &Value) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
   let Value::String(s) = v else {
     return Ok(());
   };
@@ -666,23 +701,24 @@ fn validate_idn_email(v: &Value) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
   };
   let (local, domain) = (&s[..at], &s[at + 1..]);
 
-  let local = idna::domain_to_ascii_strict(local)?;
-  let domain = idna::domain_to_ascii_strict(domain)?;
+  let local = idna::domain_to_ascii_strict(local).map_err(|e| format!("idna error: {:?}", e))?;
+  let domain = idna::domain_to_ascii_strict(domain).map_err(|e| format!("idna error: {:?}", e))?;
   if let Err(e) = check_idn_hostname(&domain) {
     Err(format!("invalid domain: {e}"))?
   }
   check_email(&format!("{local}@{domain}"))
 }
 
-fn validate_json_pointer(v: &Value) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+fn validate_json_pointer(v: &Value) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
   let Value::String(s) = v else {
     return Ok(());
   };
-  check_json_pointer(s)
+  check_json_pointer(s)?;
+  Ok(())
 }
 
 // see https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6901#section-3
-fn check_json_pointer(s: &str) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+fn check_json_pointer(s: &str) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
   if s.is_empty() {
     return Ok(());
   }
@@ -705,7 +741,7 @@ fn check_json_pointer(s: &str) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
 }
 
 // see https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-handrews-relative-json-pointer-01#section-3
-fn validate_relative_json_pointer(v: &Value) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+fn validate_relative_json_pointer(v: &Value) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
   let Value::String(s) = v else {
     return Ok(());
   };
@@ -731,7 +767,7 @@ fn validate_relative_json_pointer(v: &Value) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
 }
 
 // see https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4122#page-4
-fn validate_uuid(v: &Value) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+fn validate_uuid(v: &Value) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
   let Value::String(s) = v else {
     return Ok(());
   };
@@ -760,17 +796,21 @@ fn validate_uuid(v: &Value) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
   Ok(())
 }
 
-fn validate_uri(v: &Value) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+fn validate_uri(v: &Value) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
   let Value::String(s) = v else {
     return Ok(());
   };
-  if fluent_uri::UriRef::parse(s.as_str())?.scheme().is_none() {
+  if fluent_uri::UriRef::parse(s.as_str())
+    .map_err(|e| e.to_string())?
+    .scheme()
+    .is_none()
+  {
     Err("relative url")?;
   };
   Ok(())
 }
 
-fn validate_iri(v: &Value) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+fn validate_iri(v: &Value) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
   let Value::String(s) = v else {
     return Ok(());
   };
@@ -781,24 +821,26 @@ fn validate_iri(v: &Value) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
   }
 }
 
-static TEMP_URL: Lazy<Url> = Lazy::new(|| Url::parse("http://temp.com").unwrap());
+lazy_static! {
+  static ref TEMP_URL: Url = Url::parse("http://temp.com").unwrap();
+}
 
-fn parse_uri_reference(s: &str) -> Result<Url, Box<dyn Error>> {
+fn parse_uri_reference(s: &str) -> Result<Url, Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
   if s.contains('\\') {
     Err("contains \\\\")?;
   }
   Ok(TEMP_URL.join(s)?)
 }
 
-fn validate_uri_reference(v: &Value) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+fn validate_uri_reference(v: &Value) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
   let Value::String(s) = v else {
     return Ok(());
   };
-  fluent_uri::UriRef::parse(s.as_str())?;
+  fluent_uri::UriRef::parse(s.as_str()).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
   Ok(())
 }
 
-fn validate_iri_reference(v: &Value) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+fn validate_iri_reference(v: &Value) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
   let Value::String(s) = v else {
     return Ok(());
   };
@@ -806,7 +848,7 @@ fn validate_iri_reference(v: &Value) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
   Ok(())
 }
 
-fn validate_uri_template(v: &Value) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+fn validate_uri_template(v: &Value) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
   let Value::String(s) = v else {
     return Ok(());
   };

src/database/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,487 @@
+pub mod r#enum;
+pub mod executors;
+pub mod formats;
+pub mod page;
+pub mod punc;
+pub mod relation;
+pub mod schema;
+pub mod r#type;
+
+// External mock exports inside the executor sub-folder
+
+use r#enum::Enum;
+use executors::DatabaseExecutor;
+
+#[cfg(not(test))]
+use executors::pgrx::SpiExecutor;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+use executors::mock::MockExecutor;
+
+pub mod stem;
+use punc::Punc;
+use relation::Relation;
+use schema::Schema;
+use serde_json::Value;
+use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use stem::Stem;
+use r#type::Type;
+
+pub struct Database {
+  pub enums: HashMap<String, Enum>,
+  pub types: HashMap<String, Type>,
+  pub puncs: HashMap<String, Punc>,
+  pub relations: HashMap<String, Relation>,
+  pub schemas: HashMap<String, Schema>,
+  // Map of Schema ID -> { Entity Type -> Target Subschema Arc }
+  pub stems: HashMap<String, HashMap<String, Arc<Stem>>>,
+  pub descendants: HashMap<String, Vec<String>>,
+  pub depths: HashMap<String, usize>,
+  pub executor: Box<dyn DatabaseExecutor + Send + Sync>,
+}
+
+impl Database {
+  pub fn new(val: &serde_json::Value) -> Result<Self, crate::drop::Drop> {
+    let mut db = Self {
+      enums: HashMap::new(),
+      types: HashMap::new(),
+      relations: HashMap::new(),
+      puncs: HashMap::new(),
+      schemas: HashMap::new(),
+      stems: HashMap::new(),
+      descendants: HashMap::new(),
+      depths: HashMap::new(),
+      #[cfg(not(test))]
+      executor: Box::new(SpiExecutor::new()),
+      #[cfg(test)]
+      executor: Box::new(MockExecutor::new()),
+    };
+
+    if let Some(arr) = val.get("enums").and_then(|v| v.as_array()) {
+      for item in arr {
+        if let Ok(def) = serde_json::from_value::<Enum>(item.clone()) {
+          db.enums.insert(def.name.clone(), def);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    if let Some(arr) = val.get("types").and_then(|v| v.as_array()) {
+      for item in arr {
+        if let Ok(def) = serde_json::from_value::<Type>(item.clone()) {
+          db.types.insert(def.name.clone(), def);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    if let Some(arr) = val.get("relations").and_then(|v| v.as_array()) {
+      for item in arr {
+        match serde_json::from_value::<Relation>(item.clone()) {
+          Ok(def) => {
+            db.relations.insert(def.constraint.clone(), def);
+          }
+          Err(e) => println!("DATABASE RELATION PARSE FAILED: {:?}", e),
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    if let Some(arr) = val.get("puncs").and_then(|v| v.as_array()) {
+      for item in arr {
+        if let Ok(def) = serde_json::from_value::<Punc>(item.clone()) {
+          db.puncs.insert(def.name.clone(), def);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    if let Some(arr) = val.get("schemas").and_then(|v| v.as_array()) {
+      for (i, item) in arr.iter().enumerate() {
+        if let Ok(mut schema) = serde_json::from_value::<Schema>(item.clone()) {
+          let id = schema
+            .obj
+            .id
+            .clone()
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| format!("schema_{}", i));
+          schema.obj.id = Some(id.clone());
+          db.schemas.insert(id, schema);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    db.compile()?;
+    Ok(db)
+  }
+
+  /// Override the default executor for unit testing
+  pub fn with_executor(mut self, executor: Box<dyn DatabaseExecutor + Send + Sync>) -> Self {
+    self.executor = executor;
+    self
+  }
+
+  /// Executes a query expecting a single JSONB array return, representing rows.
+  pub fn query(&self, sql: &str, args: Option<&[Value]>) -> Result<Value, String> {
+    self.executor.query(sql, args)
+  }
+
+  /// Executes an operation (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, or pg_notify) that does not return rows.
+  pub fn execute(&self, sql: &str, args: Option<&[Value]>) -> Result<(), String> {
+    self.executor.execute(sql, args)
+  }
+
+  /// Returns the current authenticated user's ID
+  pub fn auth_user_id(&self) -> Result<String, String> {
+    self.executor.auth_user_id()
+  }
+
+  /// Returns the current transaction timestamp
+  pub fn timestamp(&self) -> Result<String, String> {
+    self.executor.timestamp()
+  }
+
+  /// Organizes the graph of the database, compiling regex, format functions, and caching relationships.
+  pub fn compile(&mut self) -> Result<(), crate::drop::Drop> {
+    self.collect_schemas();
+    self.collect_depths();
+    self.collect_descendants();
+    self.compile_schemas();
+    self.collect_stems()?;
+
+    Ok(())
+  }
+
+  fn collect_schemas(&mut self) {
+    let mut to_insert = Vec::new();
+
+    // Pass 1: Extract all Schemas structurally off top level definitions into the master registry.
+    for type_def in self.types.values() {
+      for mut schema in type_def.schemas.clone() {
+        schema.harvest(&mut to_insert);
+      }
+    }
+    for punc_def in self.puncs.values() {
+      for mut schema in punc_def.schemas.clone() {
+        schema.harvest(&mut to_insert);
+      }
+    }
+    for enum_def in self.enums.values() {
+      for mut schema in enum_def.schemas.clone() {
+        schema.harvest(&mut to_insert);
+      }
+    }
+
+    for (id, schema) in to_insert {
+      self.schemas.insert(id, schema);
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn collect_depths(&mut self) {
+    let mut depths: HashMap<String, usize> = HashMap::new();
+    let schema_ids: Vec<String> = self.schemas.keys().cloned().collect();
+
+    for id in schema_ids {
+      let mut current_id = id.clone();
+      let mut depth = 0;
+      let mut visited = HashSet::new();
+
+      while let Some(schema) = self.schemas.get(&current_id) {
+        if !visited.insert(current_id.clone()) {
+          break; // Cycle detected
+        }
+        if let Some(ref_str) = &schema.obj.r#ref {
+          current_id = ref_str.clone();
+          depth += 1;
+        } else {
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+      depths.insert(id, depth);
+    }
+    self.depths = depths;
+  }
+
+  fn collect_descendants(&mut self) {
+    let mut direct_refs: HashMap<String, Vec<String>> = HashMap::new();
+    for (id, schema) in &self.schemas {
+      if let Some(ref_str) = &schema.obj.r#ref {
+        direct_refs
+          .entry(ref_str.clone())
+          .or_default()
+          .push(id.clone());
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Cache generic descendants for $family runtime lookups
+    let mut descendants = HashMap::new();
+    for (id, schema) in &self.schemas {
+      if let Some(family_target) = &schema.obj.family {
+        let mut desc_set = HashSet::new();
+        Self::collect_descendants_recursively(family_target, &direct_refs, &mut desc_set);
+        let mut desc_vec: Vec<String> = desc_set.into_iter().collect();
+        desc_vec.sort();
+
+        // By placing all descendants directly onto the ID mapped location of the Family declaration,
+        // we can lookup descendants natively in ValidationContext without AST replacement overrides.
+        descendants.insert(id.clone(), desc_vec);
+      }
+    }
+    self.descendants = descendants;
+  }
+
+  fn collect_descendants_recursively(
+    target: &str,
+    direct_refs: &HashMap<String, Vec<String>>,
+    descendants: &mut HashSet<String>,
+  ) {
+    if let Some(children) = direct_refs.get(target) {
+      for child in children {
+        if descendants.insert(child.clone()) {
+          Self::collect_descendants_recursively(child, direct_refs, descendants);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn compile_schemas(&mut self) {
+    // Pass 3: compile_internals across pure structure
+    let schema_ids: Vec<String> = self.schemas.keys().cloned().collect();
+    for id in schema_ids {
+      if let Some(schema) = self.schemas.get_mut(&id) {
+        schema.compile_internals();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn collect_stems(&mut self) -> Result<(), crate::drop::Drop> {
+    let mut db_stems: HashMap<String, HashMap<String, Arc<Stem>>> = HashMap::new();
+    let mut errors: Vec<crate::drop::Error> = Vec::new();
+
+    let schema_ids: Vec<String> = self.schemas.keys().cloned().collect();
+    for schema_id in schema_ids {
+      if let Some(schema) = self.schemas.get(&schema_id) {
+        let mut inner_map = HashMap::new();
+        Self::discover_stems(
+          self,
+          &schema_id,
+          schema,
+          String::from(""),
+          None,
+          None,
+          false,
+          &mut inner_map,
+          Vec::new(),
+          &mut errors,
+        );
+        if !inner_map.is_empty() {
+          db_stems.insert(schema_id, inner_map);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    self.stems = db_stems;
+
+    if !errors.is_empty() {
+      return Err(crate::drop::Drop::with_errors(errors));
+    }
+    Ok(())
+  }
+
+  fn discover_stems(
+    db: &Database,
+    root_schema_id: &str,
+    schema: &Schema,
+    current_path: String,
+    parent_type: Option<String>,
+    property_name: Option<String>,
+    is_polymorphic: bool,
+    inner_map: &mut HashMap<String, Arc<Stem>>,
+    seen_entities: Vec<String>,
+    errors: &mut Vec<crate::drop::Error>,
+  ) {
+    let mut is_entity = false;
+    let mut entity_type = String::new();
+
+    // First check if the Schema's $id is a native Database Type
+    if let Some(ref id) = schema.obj.id {
+      let parts: Vec<&str> = id.split('.').collect();
+      if let Some(last_seg) = parts.last() {
+        if db.types.contains_key(*last_seg) {
+          is_entity = true;
+          entity_type = last_seg.to_string();
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    // If not found via $id, check the $ref pointer
+    // This allows ad-hoc schemas (like `save_person.response`) to successfully adopt the Type of what they $ref
+    if !is_entity {
+      if let Some(ref r) = schema.obj.r#ref {
+        let parts: Vec<&str> = r.split('.').collect();
+        if let Some(last_seg) = parts.last() {
+          if db.types.contains_key(*last_seg) {
+            is_entity = true;
+            entity_type = last_seg.to_string();
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    if is_entity {
+      if seen_entities.contains(&entity_type) {
+        return; // Break cyclical schemas!
+      }
+    }
+
+    let mut relation_col = None;
+    if is_entity {
+      if let (Some(pt), Some(prop)) = (&parent_type, &property_name) {
+        let expected_col = format!("{}_id", prop);
+        let mut found = false;
+        for rel in db.relations.values() {
+          if (rel.source_type == *pt && rel.destination_type == entity_type)
+            || (rel.source_type == entity_type && rel.destination_type == *pt)
+          {
+            if rel.source_columns.contains(&expected_col) {
+              relation_col = Some(expected_col.clone());
+              found = true;
+              break;
+            }
+          }
+        }
+        if !found {
+          relation_col = Some(expected_col);
+        }
+      }
+
+      let mut final_path = current_path.clone();
+      if is_polymorphic && !final_path.is_empty() && !final_path.ends_with(&entity_type) {
+        if final_path.ends_with(".#") {
+          final_path = format!("{}(type==\"{}\")", final_path, entity_type);
+        } else {
+          final_path = format!("{}#(type==\"{}\")", final_path, entity_type);
+        }
+      }
+
+      let stem = Stem {
+        r#type: entity_type.clone(),
+        relation: relation_col,
+        schema: Arc::new(schema.clone()),
+      };
+      inner_map.insert(final_path, Arc::new(stem));
+    }
+
+    let next_parent = if is_entity {
+      Some(entity_type.clone())
+    } else {
+      parent_type.clone()
+    };
+
+    let pass_seen = if is_entity {
+      let mut ns = seen_entities.clone();
+      ns.push(entity_type.clone());
+      ns
+    } else {
+      seen_entities.clone()
+    };
+
+    // Properties branch
+    if let Some(props) = &schema.obj.properties {
+      for (k, v) in props {
+        // Standard Property Pathing
+        let next_path = if current_path.is_empty() {
+          k.clone()
+        } else {
+          format!("{}.{}", current_path, k)
+        };
+
+        Self::discover_stems(
+          db,
+          root_schema_id,
+          v,
+          next_path,
+          next_parent.clone(),
+          Some(k.clone()),
+          false,
+          inner_map,
+          pass_seen.clone(),
+          errors,
+        );
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Array Item branch
+    if let Some(items) = &schema.obj.items {
+      let next_path = if current_path.is_empty() {
+        String::from("#")
+      } else {
+        format!("{}.#", current_path)
+      };
+
+      Self::discover_stems(
+        db,
+        root_schema_id,
+        items,
+        next_path,
+        next_parent.clone(),
+        property_name.clone(),
+        false,
+        inner_map,
+        pass_seen.clone(),
+        errors,
+      );
+    }
+
+    // Follow external reference if we didn't just crawl local properties
+    if schema.obj.properties.is_none() && schema.obj.items.is_none() && schema.obj.one_of.is_none()
+    {
+      if let Some(ref r) = schema.obj.r#ref {
+        if let Some(target_schema) = db.schemas.get(r) {
+          Self::discover_stems(
+            db,
+            root_schema_id,
+            target_schema,
+            current_path.clone(),
+            next_parent.clone(),
+            property_name.clone(),
+            is_polymorphic,
+            inner_map,
+            seen_entities.clone(),
+            errors,
+          );
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Polymorphism branch
+    if let Some(arr) = &schema.obj.one_of {
+      for v in arr {
+        Self::discover_stems(
+          db,
+          root_schema_id,
+          v.as_ref(),
+          current_path.clone(),
+          next_parent.clone(),
+          property_name.clone(),
+          true,
+          inner_map,
+          pass_seen.clone(),
+          errors,
+        );
+      }
+    }
+    if let Some(arr) = &schema.obj.all_of {
+      for v in arr {
+        Self::discover_stems(
+          db,
+          root_schema_id,
+          v.as_ref(),
+          current_path.clone(),
+          next_parent.clone(),
+          property_name.clone(),
+          is_polymorphic,
+          inner_map,
+          pass_seen.clone(),
+          errors,
+        );
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}

src/database/page.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+use indexmap::IndexMap;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Default)]
+#[serde(default)]
+pub struct Page {
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub path: Option<String>,
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub title: Option<String>,
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub sidebar: Option<Sidebar>,
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub actions: Option<IndexMap<String, Action>>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Default)]
+#[serde(default)]
+pub struct Sidebar {
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub category: Option<String>,
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub priority: Option<i32>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Default)]
+#[serde(default)]
+pub struct Action {
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub punc: Option<String>,
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub navigate: Option<String>,
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub present: Option<String>,
+}

src/database/punc.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+use crate::database::page::Page;
+use crate::database::schema::Schema;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Default)]
+#[serde(default)]
+pub struct Punc {
+  pub id: String,
+  pub r#type: String,
+  pub name: String,
+  pub module: String,
+  pub source: String,
+  pub description: Option<String>,
+  pub public: bool,
+  pub form: bool,
+  pub get: Option<String>,
+  pub page: Option<Page>,
+  #[serde(default)]
+  pub schemas: Vec<Schema>,
+}

src/database/relation.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Default)]
+#[serde(default)]
+pub struct Relation {
+  pub constraint: String,
+  pub source_type: String,
+  pub source_columns: Vec<String>,
+  pub destination_type: String,
+  pub destination_columns: Vec<String>,
+  pub prefix: Option<String>,
+}

src/database/schema.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,385 @@
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use serde_json::Value;
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+// Schema mirrors the Go Punc Generator's schema struct for consistency.
+// It is an order-preserving representation of a JSON Schema.
+pub fn deserialize_some<'de, D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Option<Value>, D::Error>
+where
+  D: serde::Deserializer<'de>,
+{
+  let v = Value::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+  Ok(Some(v))
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Default)]
+pub struct SchemaObject {
+  // Core Schema Keywords
+  #[serde(rename = "$id")]
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub id: Option<String>,
+  #[serde(rename = "$ref")]
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub r#ref: Option<String>,
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub description: Option<String>,
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub title: Option<String>,
+  #[serde(default)] // Allow missing type
+  #[serde(rename = "type")]
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub type_: Option<SchemaTypeOrArray>, // Handles string or array of strings
+
+  // Object Keywords
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub properties: Option<BTreeMap<String, Arc<Schema>>>,
+  #[serde(rename = "patternProperties")]
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub pattern_properties: Option<BTreeMap<String, Arc<Schema>>>,
+  #[serde(rename = "additionalProperties")]
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub additional_properties: Option<Arc<Schema>>,
+  #[serde(rename = "$family")]
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub family: Option<String>,
+
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub required: Option<Vec<String>>,
+
+  // dependencies can be schema dependencies or property dependencies
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub dependencies: Option<BTreeMap<String, Dependency>>,
+
+  // Array Keywords
+  #[serde(rename = "items")]
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub items: Option<Arc<Schema>>,
+  #[serde(rename = "prefixItems")]
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub prefix_items: Option<Vec<Arc<Schema>>>,
+
+  // String Validation
+  #[serde(rename = "minLength")]
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub min_length: Option<f64>,
+  #[serde(rename = "maxLength")]
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub max_length: Option<f64>,
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub pattern: Option<String>,
+
+  // Array Validation
+  #[serde(rename = "minItems")]
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub min_items: Option<f64>,
+  #[serde(rename = "maxItems")]
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub max_items: Option<f64>,
+  #[serde(rename = "uniqueItems")]
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub unique_items: Option<bool>,
+  #[serde(rename = "contains")]
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub contains: Option<Arc<Schema>>,
+  #[serde(rename = "minContains")]
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub min_contains: Option<f64>,
+  #[serde(rename = "maxContains")]
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub max_contains: Option<f64>,
+
+  // Object Validation
+  #[serde(rename = "minProperties")]
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub min_properties: Option<f64>,
+  #[serde(rename = "maxProperties")]
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub max_properties: Option<f64>,
+  #[serde(rename = "propertyNames")]
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub property_names: Option<Arc<Schema>>,
+
+  // Numeric Validation
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub format: Option<String>,
+  #[serde(rename = "enum")]
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub enum_: Option<Vec<Value>>, // `enum` is a reserved keyword in Rust
+  #[serde(
+    default,
+    rename = "const",
+    deserialize_with = "crate::database::schema::deserialize_some"
+  )]
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub const_: Option<Value>,
+
+  // Numeric Validation
+  #[serde(rename = "multipleOf")]
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub multiple_of: Option<f64>,
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub minimum: Option<f64>,
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub maximum: Option<f64>,
+  #[serde(rename = "exclusiveMinimum")]
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub exclusive_minimum: Option<f64>,
+  #[serde(rename = "exclusiveMaximum")]
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub exclusive_maximum: Option<f64>,
+
+  // Combining Keywords
+  #[serde(rename = "allOf")]
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub all_of: Option<Vec<Arc<Schema>>>,
+  #[serde(rename = "oneOf")]
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub one_of: Option<Vec<Arc<Schema>>>,
+  #[serde(rename = "not")]
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub not: Option<Arc<Schema>>,
+  #[serde(rename = "if")]
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub if_: Option<Arc<Schema>>,
+  #[serde(rename = "then")]
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub then_: Option<Arc<Schema>>,
+  #[serde(rename = "else")]
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub else_: Option<Arc<Schema>>,
+
+  // Custom Vocabularies
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub form: Option<Vec<String>>,
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub display: Option<Vec<String>>,
+  #[serde(rename = "enumNames")]
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub enum_names: Option<Vec<String>>,
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub control: Option<String>,
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub actions: Option<BTreeMap<String, Action>>,
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub computer: Option<String>,
+  #[serde(default)]
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub extensible: Option<bool>,
+
+  #[serde(skip)]
+  pub compiled_format: Option<CompiledFormat>,
+  #[serde(skip)]
+  pub compiled_pattern: Option<CompiledRegex>,
+  #[serde(skip)]
+  pub compiled_pattern_properties: Option<Vec<(CompiledRegex, Arc<Schema>)>>,
+}
+
+/// Represents a compiled format validator
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub enum CompiledFormat {
+  Func(fn(&serde_json::Value) -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync>>),
+  Regex(regex::Regex),
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for CompiledFormat {
+  fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+    match self {
+      CompiledFormat::Func(_) => write!(f, "CompiledFormat::Func(...)"),
+      CompiledFormat::Regex(r) => write!(f, "CompiledFormat::Regex({:?})", r),
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/// A wrapper for compiled regex patterns
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct CompiledRegex(pub regex::Regex);
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Default)]
+pub struct Schema {
+  #[serde(flatten)]
+  pub obj: SchemaObject,
+  #[serde(skip)]
+  pub always_fail: bool,
+}
+
+impl std::ops::Deref for Schema {
+  type Target = SchemaObject;
+  fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+    &self.obj
+  }
+}
+impl std::ops::DerefMut for Schema {
+  fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Target {
+    &mut self.obj
+  }
+}
+
+impl Schema {
+  pub fn compile_internals(&mut self) {
+    self.map_children(|child| child.compile_internals());
+
+    if let Some(format_str) = &self.obj.format
+      && let Some(fmt) = crate::database::formats::FORMATS.get(format_str.as_str())
+    {
+      self.obj.compiled_format = Some(crate::database::schema::CompiledFormat::Func(fmt.func));
+    }
+
+    if let Some(pattern_str) = &self.obj.pattern
+      && let Ok(re) = regex::Regex::new(pattern_str)
+    {
+      self.obj.compiled_pattern = Some(crate::database::schema::CompiledRegex(re));
+    }
+
+    if let Some(pattern_props) = &self.obj.pattern_properties {
+      let mut compiled = Vec::new();
+      for (k, v) in pattern_props {
+        if let Ok(re) = regex::Regex::new(k) {
+          compiled.push((crate::database::schema::CompiledRegex(re), v.clone()));
+        }
+      }
+      if !compiled.is_empty() {
+        self.obj.compiled_pattern_properties = Some(compiled);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  pub fn harvest(&mut self, to_insert: &mut Vec<(String, Schema)>) {
+    if let Some(id) = &self.obj.id {
+      to_insert.push((id.clone(), self.clone()));
+    }
+    self.map_children(|child| child.harvest(to_insert));
+  }
+
+  pub fn map_children<F>(&mut self, mut f: F)
+  where
+    F: FnMut(&mut Schema),
+  {
+    if let Some(props) = &mut self.obj.properties {
+      for v in props.values_mut() {
+        let mut inner = (**v).clone();
+        f(&mut inner);
+        *v = Arc::new(inner);
+      }
+    }
+
+    if let Some(pattern_props) = &mut self.obj.pattern_properties {
+      for v in pattern_props.values_mut() {
+        let mut inner = (**v).clone();
+        f(&mut inner);
+        *v = Arc::new(inner);
+      }
+    }
+
+    let mut map_arr = |arr: &mut Vec<Arc<Schema>>| {
+      for v in arr.iter_mut() {
+        let mut inner = (**v).clone();
+        f(&mut inner);
+        *v = Arc::new(inner);
+      }
+    };
+
+    if let Some(arr) = &mut self.obj.prefix_items {
+      map_arr(arr);
+    }
+    if let Some(arr) = &mut self.obj.all_of {
+      map_arr(arr);
+    }
+    if let Some(arr) = &mut self.obj.one_of {
+      map_arr(arr);
+    }
+
+    let mut map_opt = |opt: &mut Option<Arc<Schema>>| {
+      if let Some(v) = opt {
+        let mut inner = (**v).clone();
+        f(&mut inner);
+        *v = Arc::new(inner);
+      }
+    };
+
+    map_opt(&mut self.obj.additional_properties);
+    map_opt(&mut self.obj.items);
+    map_opt(&mut self.obj.contains);
+    map_opt(&mut self.obj.property_names);
+    map_opt(&mut self.obj.not);
+    map_opt(&mut self.obj.if_);
+    map_opt(&mut self.obj.then_);
+    map_opt(&mut self.obj.else_);
+  }
+}
+
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for Schema {
+  fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
+  where
+    D: serde::Deserializer<'de>,
+  {
+    let v: Value = Deserialize::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+
+    if let Some(b) = v.as_bool() {
+      let mut obj = SchemaObject::default();
+      if b {
+        obj.extensible = Some(true);
+      }
+      return Ok(Schema {
+        obj,
+        always_fail: !b,
+      });
+    }
+    let mut obj: SchemaObject =
+      serde_json::from_value(v.clone()).map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)?;
+
+    // If a schema is effectively empty (except for potentially carrying an ID),
+    // it functions as a boolean `true` schema in Draft2020 which means it should not
+    // restrict additional properties natively
+    let is_empty = obj.type_.is_none()
+      && obj.properties.is_none()
+      && obj.pattern_properties.is_none()
+      && obj.additional_properties.is_none()
+      && obj.required.is_none()
+      && obj.dependencies.is_none()
+      && obj.items.is_none()
+      && obj.prefix_items.is_none()
+      && obj.contains.is_none()
+      && obj.format.is_none()
+      && obj.enum_.is_none()
+      && obj.const_.is_none()
+      && obj.all_of.is_none()
+      && obj.one_of.is_none()
+      && obj.not.is_none()
+      && obj.if_.is_none()
+      && obj.then_.is_none()
+      && obj.else_.is_none()
+      && obj.r#ref.is_none()
+      && obj.family.is_none();
+
+    if is_empty && obj.extensible.is_none() {
+      obj.extensible = Some(true);
+    }
+
+    Ok(Schema {
+      obj,
+      always_fail: false,
+    })
+  }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(untagged)]
+pub enum SchemaTypeOrArray {
+  Single(String),
+  Multiple(Vec<String>),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct Action {
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub navigate: Option<String>,
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub punc: Option<String>,
+}
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(untagged)]
+pub enum Dependency {
+  Props(Vec<String>),
+  Schema(Arc<Schema>),
+}

src/database/stem.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+use crate::database::schema::Schema;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct Stem {
+  pub r#type: String,
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub relation: Option<String>,
+
+  pub schema: Arc<Schema>,
+}

src/database/type.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+
+use crate::database::schema::Schema;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use serde_json::Value;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Default)]
+#[serde(default)]
+pub struct Type {
+  pub id: String,
+  pub r#type: String,
+  pub name: String,
+  pub module: String,
+  pub source: String,
+  #[serde(default)]
+  pub historical: bool,
+  #[serde(default)]
+  pub sensitive: bool,
+  #[serde(default)]
+  pub ownable: bool,
+  pub longevity: Option<i32>,
+  #[serde(default)]
+  pub hierarchy: Vec<String>,
+  #[serde(default)]
+  pub variations: HashSet<String>,
+  #[serde(default)]
+  pub relationship: bool,
+  #[serde(default)]
+  pub fields: Vec<String>,
+  pub grouped_fields: Option<Value>,
+  #[serde(default)]
+  pub lookup_fields: Vec<String>,
+  #[serde(default)]
+  pub null_fields: Vec<String>,
+  #[serde(default)]
+  pub default_fields: Vec<String>,
+  pub field_types: Option<Value>,
+  #[serde(default)]
+  pub schemas: Vec<Schema>,
+}

src/drop.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use serde_json::Value;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, Clone)]
+pub struct Drop {
+  // We don't need id, frequency, etc. for the validation result specifically,
+  // as they are added by the SQL wrapper. We just need to conform to the structure.
+  // The user said "Validator::validate always needs to return this drop type".
+  // So we should match it as closely as possible.
+  #[serde(rename = "type")]
+  pub type_: String, // "drop"
+
+  #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+  pub response: Option<Value>,
+
+  #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Vec::is_empty")]
+  pub errors: Vec<Error>,
+}
+
+impl Default for Drop {
+  fn default() -> Self {
+    Self::new()
+  }
+}
+
+impl Drop {
+  pub fn new() -> Self {
+    Self {
+      type_: "drop".to_string(),
+      response: None,
+      errors: vec![],
+    }
+  }
+
+  pub fn success() -> Self {
+    Self {
+      type_: "drop".to_string(),
+      response: Some(serde_json::json!("success")),
+      errors: vec![],
+    }
+  }
+
+  pub fn success_with_val(val: Value) -> Self {
+    Self {
+      type_: "drop".to_string(),
+      response: Some(val),
+      errors: vec![],
+    }
+  }
+
+  pub fn with_errors(errors: Vec<Error>) -> Self {
+    Self {
+      type_: "drop".to_string(),
+      response: None,
+      errors,
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, Clone)]
+pub struct Error {
+  pub code: String,
+  pub message: String,
+  pub details: ErrorDetails,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, Clone)]
+pub struct ErrorDetails {
+  pub path: String,
+  // Extensions can be added here (package, cause, etc)
+  // For now, validator only provides path
+}

src/helpers.rs

@@ -1,88 +0,0 @@
-use serde_json::Value;
-use pgrx::JsonB; 
-
-// Simple test helpers for cleaner test code
-pub fn assert_success(result: &JsonB) {
-  let json = &result.0;
-  if !json.get("response").is_some() || json.get("errors").is_some() {
-    let pretty = serde_json::to_string_pretty(json).unwrap_or_else(|_| format!("{:?}", json));
-    panic!("Expected success but got:\n{}", pretty);
-  }
-}
-
-pub fn assert_failure(result: &JsonB) {
-  let json = &result.0;
-  if json.get("response").is_some() || !json.get("errors").is_some() {
-    let pretty = serde_json::to_string_pretty(json).unwrap_or_else(|_| format!("{:?}", json));
-    panic!("Expected failure but got:\n{}", pretty);
-  }
-}
-
-pub fn assert_error_count(result: &JsonB, expected_count: usize) {
-  assert_failure(result);
-  let errors = get_errors(result);
-  if errors.len() != expected_count {
-    let pretty = serde_json::to_string_pretty(&result.0).unwrap_or_else(|_| format!("{:?}", result.0));
-    panic!("Expected {} errors, got {}:\n{}", expected_count, errors.len(), pretty);
-  }
-}
-
-pub fn get_errors(result: &JsonB) -> &Vec<Value> {
-  result.0["errors"].as_array().expect("errors should be an array")
-}
-
-pub fn has_error_with_code(result: &JsonB, code: &str) -> bool {
-  get_errors(result).iter().any(|e| e["code"] == code)
-}
-
-
-pub fn has_error_with_code_and_path(result: &JsonB, code: &str, path: &str) -> bool {
-  get_errors(result).iter().any(|e| e["code"] == code && e["details"]["path"] == path)
-}
-
-pub fn assert_has_error(result: &JsonB, code: &str, path: &str) {
-  if !has_error_with_code_and_path(result, code, path) {
-    let pretty = serde_json::to_string_pretty(&result.0).unwrap_or_else(|_| format!("{:?}", result.0));
-    panic!("Expected error with code='{}' and path='{}' but not found:\n{}", code, path, pretty);
-  }
-}
-
-pub fn find_error_with_code<'a>(result: &'a JsonB, code: &str) -> &'a Value {
-  get_errors(result).iter().find(|e| e["code"] == code)
-    .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("No error found with code '{}'", code))
-}
-
-
-pub fn find_error_with_code_and_path<'a>(result: &'a JsonB, code: &str, path: &str) -> &'a Value {
-  get_errors(result).iter().find(|e| e["code"] == code && e["details"]["path"] == path)
-    .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("No error found with code '{}' and path '{}'", code, path))
-}
-
-pub fn assert_error_detail(error: &Value, detail_key: &str, expected_value: &str) {
-  let actual = error["details"][detail_key].as_str()
-    .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("Error detail '{}' is not a string", detail_key));
-  assert_eq!(actual, expected_value, "Error detail '{}' mismatch", detail_key);
-}
-
-
-// Additional convenience helpers for common patterns
-
-pub fn assert_error_message_contains(error: &Value, substring: &str) {
-  let message = error["message"].as_str().expect("error should have message");
-  assert!(message.contains(substring), "Expected message to contain '{}', got '{}'", substring, message);
-}
-
-pub fn assert_error_cause_json(error: &Value, expected_cause: &Value) {
-  let cause = &error["details"]["cause"];
-  assert!(cause.is_object(), "cause should be JSON object");
-  assert_eq!(cause, expected_cause, "cause mismatch");
-}
-
-pub fn assert_error_context(error: &Value, expected_context: &Value) {
-  assert_eq!(&error["details"]["context"], expected_context, "context mismatch");
-}
-
-
-pub fn jsonb(val: Value) -> JsonB {
-  JsonB(val)
-}

src/jspg.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+use crate::database::Database;
+use crate::merger::Merger;
+use crate::queryer::Queryer;
+use crate::validator::Validator;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+pub struct Jspg {
+  pub database: Arc<Database>,
+  pub validator: Validator,
+  pub queryer: Queryer,
+  pub merger: Merger,
+}
+
+impl Jspg {
+  pub fn new(database_val: &serde_json::Value) -> Result<Self, crate::drop::Drop> {
+    let database_instance = Database::new(database_val)?;
+    let database = Arc::new(database_instance);
+    let validator = Validator::new(database.clone());
+    let queryer = Queryer::new(database.clone());
+    let merger = Merger::new(database.clone());
+
+    Ok(Self {
+      database,
+      validator,
+      queryer,
+      merger,
+    })
+  }
+}

src/lib.rs

@@ -1,860 +1,139 @@
+#[cfg(not(test))]
 use pgrx::*;
 
+#[cfg(not(test))]
 pg_module_magic!();
 
-use boon::{CompileError, Compiler, ErrorKind, SchemaIndex, Schemas, ValidationError, Type, Types, ValidationOptions};
-use lazy_static::lazy_static;
-use serde_json::{json, Value, Number};
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::collections::hash_map::Entry;
-use std::{collections::{HashMap, HashSet}, sync::RwLock};
-
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq)]
-enum SchemaType {
- Enum,
- Type,
- Family, // Added for generated hierarchy schemas
- PublicPunc,
- PrivatePunc,
-}
-
-struct Schema {
- index: SchemaIndex,
- t: SchemaType,
-}
-
-struct Cache {
- schemas: Schemas,
- map: HashMap<String, Schema>,
-}
-
-// Structure to hold error information without lifetimes
-#[derive(Debug)]
-struct Error {
- path: String,
- code: String,
- message: String,
- cause: Value, // Changed from String to Value to store JSON
-}
-
-lazy_static! {
- static ref SCHEMA_CACHE: RwLock<Cache> = RwLock::new(Cache {
-  schemas: Schemas::new(),
-  map: HashMap::new(),
- });
-}
-
-#[pg_extern(strict)]
-fn cache_json_schemas(enums: JsonB, types: JsonB, puncs: JsonB) -> JsonB {
-  let mut cache = SCHEMA_CACHE.write().unwrap();
-  let enums_value: Value = enums.0;
-  let types_value: Value = types.0;
-  let puncs_value: Value = puncs.0;
-
-  *cache = Cache {
-    schemas: Schemas::new(),
-    map: HashMap::new(),
-  };
-
-  let mut compiler = Compiler::new();
-  compiler.enable_format_assertions();
-
-  let mut errors = Vec::new();
-  let mut schemas_to_compile = Vec::new();
-
-  // Phase 1: Enums
-  if let Some(enums_array) = enums_value.as_array() {
-    for enum_row in enums_array {
-      if let Some(schemas_raw) = enum_row.get("schemas") {
-        if let Some(schemas_array) = schemas_raw.as_array() {
-          for schema_def in schemas_array {
-            if let Some(schema_id) = schema_def.get("$id").and_then(|v| v.as_str()) {
-              schemas_to_compile.push((schema_id.to_string(), schema_def.clone(), SchemaType::Enum));
-            }
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  // Phase 2: Types & Hierarchy Pre-processing
-  let mut hierarchy_map: HashMap<String, HashSet<String>> = HashMap::new();
-  if let Some(types_array) = types_value.as_array() {
-    for type_row in types_array {
-      // Process main schemas for the type
-      if let Some(schemas_raw) = type_row.get("schemas") {
-        if let Some(schemas_array) = schemas_raw.as_array() {
-          for schema_def in schemas_array {
-            if let Some(schema_id) = schema_def.get("$id").and_then(|v| v.as_str()) {
-              schemas_to_compile.push((schema_id.to_string(), schema_def.clone(), SchemaType::Type));
-            }
-          }
-        }
-      }
-
-      // Process hierarchy to build .family enums
-      if let Some(type_name) = type_row.get("name").and_then(|v| v.as_str()) {
-        if let Some(hierarchy_raw) = type_row.get("hierarchy") {
-          if let Some(hierarchy_array) = hierarchy_raw.as_array() {
-            for ancestor_val in hierarchy_array {
-              if let Some(ancestor_name) = ancestor_val.as_str() {
-                hierarchy_map
-                  .entry(ancestor_name.to_string())
-                  .or_default()
-                  .insert(type_name.to_string());
-              }
-            }
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  // Generate and add the .family schemas
-  for (base_type, descendant_types) in hierarchy_map {
-    let family_schema_id = format!("{}.family", base_type);
-    let enum_values: Vec<String> = descendant_types.into_iter().collect();
-    let family_schema = json!({
-      "$id": family_schema_id,
-      "type": "string",
-      "enum": enum_values
-    });
-    schemas_to_compile.push((family_schema_id, family_schema, SchemaType::Family));
-  }
-
-  // Phase 3: Puncs
-  if let Some(puncs_array) = puncs_value.as_array() {
-    for punc_row in puncs_array {
-      if let Some(punc_obj) = punc_row.as_object() {
-        if let Some(punc_name) = punc_obj.get("name").and_then(|v| v.as_str()) {
-          let is_public = punc_obj.get("public").and_then(|v| v.as_bool()).unwrap_or(false);
-          let punc_schema_type = if is_public { SchemaType::PublicPunc } else { SchemaType::PrivatePunc };
-          if let Some(schemas_raw) = punc_obj.get("schemas") {
-            if let Some(schemas_array) = schemas_raw.as_array() {
-              for schema_def in schemas_array {
-                if let Some(schema_id) = schema_def.get("$id").and_then(|v| v.as_str()) {
-                  let request_schema_id = format!("{}.request", punc_name);
-                  let response_schema_id = format!("{}.response", punc_name);
-                  let schema_type_for_def = if schema_id == request_schema_id || schema_id == response_schema_id {
-                    punc_schema_type
-                  } else {
-                    SchemaType::Type
-                  };
-                  schemas_to_compile.push((schema_id.to_string(), schema_def.clone(), schema_type_for_def));
-                }
-              }
-            }
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  // Add all resources to compiler first
-  for (id, value, schema_type) in &schemas_to_compile {
-    add_schema_resource(&mut compiler, id, value.clone(), *schema_type, &mut errors);
-  }
-
-  if !errors.is_empty() {
-    return JsonB(json!({ "errors": errors }));
-  }
-
-  // Compile all schemas
-  compile_all_schemas(&mut compiler, &mut cache, &schemas_to_compile, &mut errors);
-
-  if errors.is_empty() {
-    JsonB(json!({ "response": "success" }))
-  } else {
-    JsonB(json!({ "errors": errors }))
-  }
-}
-
-// Helper function to add a schema resource (without compiling)
-fn add_schema_resource(
- compiler: &mut Compiler, 
- schema_id: &str, 
- schema_value: Value, 
- _schema_type: SchemaType,
- errors: &mut Vec<Value>
-) {
- if let Err(e) = compiler.add_resource(schema_id, schema_value) {
-  errors.push(json!({ 
-   "code": "SCHEMA_RESOURCE_FAILED",
-   "message": format!("Failed to add schema resource '{}'", schema_id),
-   "details": { "schema": schema_id, "cause": format!("{}", e) }
-  }));
- }
-}
-
-// Helper function to compile all added resources
-fn compile_all_schemas(
-  compiler: &mut Compiler,
-  cache: &mut Cache,
-  schemas_to_compile: &[(String, Value, SchemaType)],
-  errors: &mut Vec<Value>,
-) {
-  for (id, value, schema_type) in schemas_to_compile {
-    match compiler.compile(id, &mut cache.schemas) {
-      Ok(index) => {
-        cache.map.insert(id.clone(), Schema { index, t: *schema_type });
-      }
-      Err(e) => {
-        match &e {
-          CompileError::ValidationError { src, .. } => {
-            let mut error_list = Vec::new();
-            collect_errors(src, &mut error_list);
-            let formatted_errors = format_errors(error_list, value, id);
-            errors.extend(formatted_errors);
-          }
-          _ => {
-            errors.push(json!({ 
-              "code": "SCHEMA_COMPILATION_FAILED",
-              "message": format!("Schema '{}' compilation failed", id),
-              "details": { "schema": id, "cause": format!("{:?}", e) }
-            }));
-          }
-        };
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-#[pg_extern(strict, parallel_safe)]
-fn validate_json_schema(schema_id: &str, instance: JsonB) -> JsonB {
-  let cache = SCHEMA_CACHE.read().unwrap();
-  match cache.map.get(schema_id) {
-    None => JsonB(json!({ 
-      "errors": [{
-        "code": "SCHEMA_NOT_FOUND",
-        "message": format!("Schema '{}' not found in cache", schema_id),
-        "details": {
-          "schema": schema_id,
-          "cause": "Schema was not found in bulk cache - ensure cache_json_schemas was called"
-        }
-      }]
-    })),
-    Some(schema) => {
-      let instance_value: Value = instance.0;
-      let options = match schema.t {
-        SchemaType::PublicPunc => Some(ValidationOptions { be_strict: true }),
-        _ => None,
-      };
-
-      match cache.schemas.validate(&instance_value, schema.index, options) {
-        Ok(_) => {
-            JsonB(json!({ "response": "success" }))
-        }
-        Err(validation_error) => {
-          let mut error_list = Vec::new();
-          collect_errors(&validation_error, &mut error_list);
-          let errors = format_errors(error_list, &instance_value, schema_id);
-          if errors.is_empty() {
-            JsonB(json!({ "response": "success" }))
-          } else {
-            JsonB(json!({ "errors": errors }))
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-// Recursively collects validation errors
-fn collect_errors(error: &ValidationError, errors_list: &mut Vec<Error>) {
-    // Check if this is a structural error that we should skip
-    let is_structural = matches!(
-        &error.kind,
-        ErrorKind::Group | ErrorKind::AllOf | ErrorKind::AnyOf | ErrorKind::Not | ErrorKind::OneOf(_)
-    );
-
-    if !error.causes.is_empty() || is_structural {
-      for cause in &error.causes {
-          collect_errors(cause, errors_list);
-      }
-      return
-    }
-
-    let base_path = error.instance_location.to_string();
-    let errors_to_add = match &error.kind {
-        ErrorKind::Type { got, want } => handle_type_error(&base_path, got, want),
-        ErrorKind::Required { want } => handle_required_error(&base_path, want),
-        ErrorKind::Dependency { prop, missing } => handle_dependency_error(&base_path, prop, missing, false),
-        ErrorKind::DependentRequired { prop, missing } => handle_dependency_error(&base_path, prop, missing, true),
-        ErrorKind::AdditionalProperties { got } => handle_additional_properties_error(&base_path, got),
-        ErrorKind::Enum { want } => handle_enum_error(&base_path, want),
-        ErrorKind::Const { want } => handle_const_error(&base_path, want),
-        ErrorKind::MinLength { got, want } => handle_min_length_error(&base_path, *got, *want),
-        ErrorKind::MaxLength { got, want } => handle_max_length_error(&base_path, *got, *want),
-        ErrorKind::Pattern { got, want } => handle_pattern_error(&base_path, got, want),
-        ErrorKind::Minimum { got, want } => handle_minimum_error(&base_path, got, want),
-        ErrorKind::Maximum { got, want } => handle_maximum_error(&base_path, got, want),
-        ErrorKind::ExclusiveMinimum { got, want } => handle_exclusive_minimum_error(&base_path, got, want),
-        ErrorKind::ExclusiveMaximum { got, want } => handle_exclusive_maximum_error(&base_path, got, want),
-        ErrorKind::MultipleOf { got, want } => handle_multiple_of_error(&base_path, got, want),
-        ErrorKind::MinItems { got, want } => handle_min_items_error(&base_path, *got, *want),
-        ErrorKind::MaxItems { got, want } => handle_max_items_error(&base_path, *got, *want),
-        ErrorKind::UniqueItems { got } => handle_unique_items_error(&base_path, got),
-        ErrorKind::MinProperties { got, want } => handle_min_properties_error(&base_path, *got, *want),
-        ErrorKind::MaxProperties { got, want } => handle_max_properties_error(&base_path, *got, *want),
-        ErrorKind::AdditionalItems { got } => handle_additional_items_error(&base_path, *got),
-        ErrorKind::Format { want, got, err } => handle_format_error(&base_path, want, got, err),
-        ErrorKind::PropertyName { prop } => handle_property_name_error(&base_path, prop),
-        ErrorKind::Contains => handle_contains_error(&base_path),
-        ErrorKind::MinContains { got, want } => handle_min_contains_error(&base_path, got, *want),
-        ErrorKind::MaxContains { got, want } => handle_max_contains_error(&base_path, got, *want),
-        ErrorKind::ContentEncoding { want, err } => handle_content_encoding_error(&base_path, want, err),
-        ErrorKind::ContentMediaType { want, err, .. } => handle_content_media_type_error(&base_path, want, err),
-        ErrorKind::FalseSchema => handle_false_schema_error(&base_path),
-        ErrorKind::Not => handle_not_error(&base_path),
-        ErrorKind::RefCycle { url, kw_loc1, kw_loc2 } => handle_ref_cycle_error(&base_path, url, kw_loc1, kw_loc2),
-        ErrorKind::Reference { kw, url } => handle_reference_error(&base_path, kw, url),
-        ErrorKind::Schema { url } => handle_schema_error(&base_path, url),
-        ErrorKind::ContentSchema => handle_content_schema_error(&base_path),
-        ErrorKind::Group => handle_group_error(&base_path),
-        ErrorKind::AllOf => handle_all_of_error(&base_path),
-        ErrorKind::AnyOf => handle_any_of_error(&base_path),
-        ErrorKind::OneOf(matched) => handle_one_of_error(&base_path, matched),
-    };
-
-    errors_list.extend(errors_to_add);
-}
-
-// Handler functions for each error kind
-fn handle_type_error(base_path: &str, got: &Type, want: &Types) -> Vec<Error> {
- vec![Error {
-  path: base_path.to_string(),
-  code: "TYPE_MISMATCH".to_string(),
-  message: format!("Expected {} but got {}", 
-   want.iter().map(|t| t.to_string()).collect::<Vec<_>>().join(" or "), 
-   got
-  ),
-  cause: json!({ 
-   "got": got.to_string(), 
-   "want": want.iter().map(|t| t.to_string()).collect::<Vec<_>>() 
-  }),
- }]
-}
-
-fn handle_required_error(base_path: &str, want: &[&str]) -> Vec<Error> {
- // Create a separate error for each missing required field
- want.iter().map(|missing_field| {
-  let field_path = if base_path.is_empty() {
-   format!("/{}", missing_field)
-  } else {
-   format!("{}/{}", base_path, missing_field)
-  };
-  
-  Error {
-   path: field_path,
-   code: "REQUIRED_FIELD_MISSING".to_string(),
-   message: format!("Required field '{}' is missing", missing_field),
-   cause: json!({ "want": [missing_field] }),
-  }
- }).collect()
-}
-
-fn handle_dependency_error(base_path: &str, prop: &str, missing: &[&str], is_dependent_required: bool) -> Vec<Error> {
- // Create a separate error for each missing field
- missing.iter().map(|missing_field| {
-  let field_path = if base_path.is_empty() {
-   format!("/{}", missing_field)
-  } else {
-   format!("{}/{}", base_path, missing_field)
-  };
-  
-  let (code, message) = if is_dependent_required {
-   (
-    "DEPENDENT_REQUIRED_MISSING".to_string(),
-    format!("Field '{}' is required when '{}' is present", missing_field, prop),
-   )
-  } else {
-   (
-    "DEPENDENCY_FAILED".to_string(),
-    format!("Field '{}' is required when '{}' is present", missing_field, prop),
-   )
-  };
-  
-  Error {
-   path: field_path,
-   code,
-   message,
-   cause: json!({ "prop": prop, "missing": [missing_field] }),
-  }
- }).collect()
-}
-
-fn handle_additional_properties_error(base_path: &str, got: &[Cow<str>]) -> Vec<Error> {
-    let mut errors = Vec::new();
-    for extra_prop in got {
-        let field_path = if base_path.is_empty() {
-            format!("/{}", extra_prop)
-        } else {
-            format!("{}/{}", base_path, extra_prop)
-        };
-        errors.push(Error {
-            path: field_path,
-            code: "ADDITIONAL_PROPERTIES_NOT_ALLOWED".to_string(),
-            message: format!("Property '{}' is not allowed", extra_prop),
-            cause: json!({ "got": [extra_prop.to_string()] }),
-        });
-    }
-    errors
-}
-
-fn handle_enum_error(base_path: &str, want: &[Value]) -> Vec<Error> {
- let message = if want.len() == 1 {
-  format!("Value must be {}", serde_json::to_string(&want[0]).unwrap_or_else(|_| "unknown".to_string()))
- } else {
-  format!("Value must be one of: {}", 
-   want.iter()
-    .map(|v| serde_json::to_string(v).unwrap_or_else(|_| "unknown".to_string()))
-    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-    .join(", ")
-  )
- };
- 
- vec![Error {
-  path: base_path.to_string(),
-  code: "ENUM_VIOLATED".to_string(),
-  message,
-  cause: json!({ "want": want }),
- }]
-}
-
-fn handle_const_error(base_path: &str, want: &Value) -> Vec<Error> {
- vec![Error {
-  path: base_path.to_string(),
-  code: "CONST_VIOLATED".to_string(),
-  message: format!("Value must be exactly {}", serde_json::to_string(want).unwrap_or_else(|_| "unknown".to_string())),
-  cause: json!({ "want": want }),
- }]
-}
-
-fn handle_min_length_error(base_path: &str, got: usize, want: usize) -> Vec<Error> {
- vec![Error {
-  path: base_path.to_string(),
-  code: "MIN_LENGTH_VIOLATED".to_string(),
-  message: format!("String length must be at least {} characters, but got {}", want, got),
-  cause: json!({ "got": got, "want": want }),
- }]
-}
-
-fn handle_max_length_error(base_path: &str, got: usize, want: usize) -> Vec<Error> {
- vec![Error {
-  path: base_path.to_string(),
-  code: "MAX_LENGTH_VIOLATED".to_string(),
-  message: format!("String length must be at most {} characters, but got {}", want, got),
-  cause: json!({ "got": got, "want": want }),
- }]
-}
-
-fn handle_pattern_error(base_path: &str, got: &Cow<str>, want: &str) -> Vec<Error> {
- let display_value = if got.len() > 50 { 
-  format!("{}...", &got[..50]) 
- } else { 
-  got.to_string() 
- };
- 
- vec![Error {
-  path: base_path.to_string(),
-  code: "PATTERN_VIOLATED".to_string(),
-  message: format!("Value '{}' does not match pattern '{}'", display_value, want),
-  cause: json!({ "got": got.to_string(), "want": want }),
- }]
-}
-
-fn handle_minimum_error(base_path: &str, got: &Cow<Number>, want: &Number) -> Vec<Error> {
- vec![Error {
-  path: base_path.to_string(),
-  code: "MINIMUM_VIOLATED".to_string(),
-  message: format!("Value must be at least {}, but got {}", want, got),
-  cause: json!({ "got": got, "want": want }),
- }]
-}
-
-fn handle_maximum_error(base_path: &str, got: &Cow<Number>, want: &Number) -> Vec<Error> {
- vec![Error {
-  path: base_path.to_string(),
-  code: "MAXIMUM_VIOLATED".to_string(),
-  message: format!("Value must be at most {}, but got {}", want, got),
-  cause: json!({ "got": got, "want": want }),
- }]
-}
-
-fn handle_exclusive_minimum_error(base_path: &str, got: &Cow<Number>, want: &Number) -> Vec<Error> {
- vec![Error {
-  path: base_path.to_string(),
-  code: "EXCLUSIVE_MINIMUM_VIOLATED".to_string(),
-  message: format!("Value must be greater than {}, but got {}", want, got),
-  cause: json!({ "got": got, "want": want }),
- }]
-}
-
-fn handle_exclusive_maximum_error(base_path: &str, got: &Cow<Number>, want: &Number) -> Vec<Error> {
- vec![Error {
-  path: base_path.to_string(),
-  code: "EXCLUSIVE_MAXIMUM_VIOLATED".to_string(),
-  message: format!("Value must be less than {}, but got {}", want, got),
-  cause: json!({ "got": got, "want": want }),
- }]
-}
-
-fn handle_multiple_of_error(base_path: &str, got: &Cow<Number>, want: &Number) -> Vec<Error> {
- vec![Error {
-  path: base_path.to_string(),
-  code: "MULTIPLE_OF_VIOLATED".to_string(),
-  message: format!("{} is not a multiple of {}", got, want),
-  cause: json!({ "got": got, "want": want }),
- }]
-}
-
-fn handle_min_items_error(base_path: &str, got: usize, want: usize) -> Vec<Error> {
- vec![Error {
-  path: base_path.to_string(),
-  code: "MIN_ITEMS_VIOLATED".to_string(),
-  message: format!("Array must have at least {} items, but has {}", want, got),
-  cause: json!({ "got": got, "want": want }),
- }]
-}
-
-fn handle_max_items_error(base_path: &str, got: usize, want: usize) -> Vec<Error> {
- vec![Error {
-  path: base_path.to_string(),
-  code: "MAX_ITEMS_VIOLATED".to_string(),
-  message: format!("Array must have at most {} items, but has {}", want, got),
-  cause: json!({ "got": got, "want": want }),
- }]
-}
-
-fn handle_unique_items_error(base_path: &str, got: &[usize; 2]) -> Vec<Error> {
- vec![Error {
-  path: base_path.to_string(),
-  code: "UNIQUE_ITEMS_VIOLATED".to_string(),
-  message: format!("Array items at positions {} and {} are duplicates", got[0], got[1]),
-  cause: json!({ "got": got }),
- }]
-}
-
-fn handle_min_properties_error(base_path: &str, got: usize, want: usize) -> Vec<Error> {
- vec![Error {
-  path: base_path.to_string(),
-  code: "MIN_PROPERTIES_VIOLATED".to_string(),
-  message: format!("Object must have at least {} properties, but has {}", want, got),
-  cause: json!({ "got": got, "want": want }),
- }]
-}
-
-fn handle_max_properties_error(base_path: &str, got: usize, want: usize) -> Vec<Error> {
- vec![Error {
-  path: base_path.to_string(),
-  code: "MAX_PROPERTIES_VIOLATED".to_string(),
-  message: format!("Object must have at most {} properties, but has {}", want, got),
-  cause: json!({ "got": got, "want": want }),
- }]
-}
-
-fn handle_additional_items_error(base_path: &str, got: usize) -> Vec<Error> {
- vec![Error {
-  path: base_path.to_string(),
-  code: "ADDITIONAL_ITEMS_NOT_ALLOWED".to_string(),
-  message: format!("Last {} array items are not allowed", got),
-  cause: json!({ "got": got }),
- }]
-}
-
-fn handle_format_error(base_path: &str, want: &str, got: &Cow<Value>, err: &Box<dyn std::error::Error>) -> Vec<Error> {
- // If the value is an empty string, skip format validation.
- if let Value::String(s) = got.as_ref() {
-  if s.is_empty() {
-   return vec![];
-  }
- }
-
- vec![Error {
-  path: base_path.to_string(),
-  code: "FORMAT_INVALID".to_string(),
-  message: format!("Value {} is not a valid {} format", 
-   serde_json::to_string(got.as_ref()).unwrap_or_else(|_| "unknown".to_string()),
-   want
-  ),
-  cause: json!({ "got": got, "want": want, "err": err.to_string() }),
- }]
-}
-
-fn handle_property_name_error(base_path: &str, prop: &str) -> Vec<Error> {
- vec![Error {
-  path: base_path.to_string(),
-  code: "INVALID_PROPERTY_NAME".to_string(),
-  message: format!("Property name '{}' is invalid", prop),
-  cause: json!({ "prop": prop }),
- }]
-}
-
-fn handle_contains_error(base_path: &str) -> Vec<Error> {
- vec![Error {
-  path: base_path.to_string(),
-  code: "CONTAINS_FAILED".to_string(),
-  message: "No array items match the required schema".to_string(),
-  cause: json!({}),
- }]
-}
-
-fn handle_min_contains_error(base_path: &str, got: &[usize], want: usize) -> Vec<Error> {
- let message = if got.is_empty() {
-  format!("At least {} array items must match the schema, but none do", want)
- } else {
-  format!("At least {} array items must match the schema, but only {} do (at positions {})", 
-   want, 
-   got.len(), 
-   got.iter().map(|i| i.to_string()).collect::<Vec<_>>().join(", ")
-  )
- };
- 
- vec![Error {
-  path: base_path.to_string(),
-  code: "MIN_CONTAINS_VIOLATED".to_string(),
-  message,
-  cause: json!({ "got": got, "want": want }),
- }]
-}
-
-fn handle_max_contains_error(base_path: &str, got: &[usize], want: usize) -> Vec<Error> {
- vec![Error {
-  path: base_path.to_string(),
-  code: "MAX_CONTAINS_VIOLATED".to_string(),
-  message: format!("At most {} array items can match the schema, but {} do (at positions {})", 
-   want, 
-   got.len(), 
-   got.iter().map(|i| i.to_string()).collect::<Vec<_>>().join(", ")
-  ),
-  cause: json!({ "got": got, "want": want }),
- }]
-}
-
-fn handle_content_encoding_error(base_path: &str, want: &str, err: &Box<dyn std::error::Error>) -> Vec<Error> {
- vec![Error {
-  path: base_path.to_string(),
-  code: "CONTENT_ENCODING_INVALID".to_string(),
-  message: format!("Content is not valid {} encoding: {}", want, err),
-  cause: json!({ "want": want, "err": err.to_string() }),
- }]
-}
-
-fn handle_content_media_type_error(base_path: &str, want: &str, err: &Box<dyn std::error::Error>) -> Vec<Error> {
- vec![Error {
-  path: base_path.to_string(),
-  code: "CONTENT_MEDIA_TYPE_INVALID".to_string(),
-  message: format!("Content is not valid {} media type: {}", want, err),
-  cause: json!({ "want": want, "err": err.to_string() }),
- }]
-}
-
-fn handle_false_schema_error(base_path: &str) -> Vec<Error> {
- vec![Error {
-  path: base_path.to_string(),
-  code: "FALSE_SCHEMA".to_string(),
-  message: "This schema always fails validation".to_string(),
-  cause: json!({}),
- }]
-}
-
-fn handle_not_error(base_path: &str) -> Vec<Error> {
- vec![Error {
-  path: base_path.to_string(),
-  code: "NOT_VIOLATED".to_string(),
-  message: "Value matches a schema that it should not match".to_string(),
-  cause: json!({}),
- }]
-}
-
-fn handle_ref_cycle_error(base_path: &str, url: &str, kw_loc1: &str, kw_loc2: &str) -> Vec<Error> {
- vec![Error {
-  path: base_path.to_string(),
-  code: "REFERENCE_CYCLE".to_string(),
-  message: format!("Reference cycle detected: both '{}' and '{}' resolve to '{}'", kw_loc1, kw_loc2, url),
-  cause: json!({ "url": url, "kw_loc1": kw_loc1, "kw_loc2": kw_loc2 }),
- }]
-}
-
-fn handle_reference_error(base_path: &str, kw: &str, url: &str) -> Vec<Error> {
- vec![Error {
-  path: base_path.to_string(),
-  code: "REFERENCE_FAILED".to_string(),
-  message: format!("{} reference to '{}' failed validation", kw, url),
-  cause: json!({ "kw": kw, "url": url }),
- }]
-}
-
-fn handle_schema_error(base_path: &str, url: &str) -> Vec<Error> {
- vec![Error {
-  path: base_path.to_string(),
-  code: "SCHEMA_FAILED".to_string(),
-  message: format!("Schema '{}' validation failed", url),
-  cause: json!({ "url": url }),
- }]
-}
-
-fn handle_content_schema_error(base_path: &str) -> Vec<Error> {
- vec![Error {
-  path: base_path.to_string(),
-  code: "CONTENT_SCHEMA_FAILED".to_string(),
-  message: "Content schema validation failed".to_string(),
-  cause: json!({}),
- }]
-}
-
-fn handle_group_error(base_path: &str) -> Vec<Error> {
- vec![Error {
-  path: base_path.to_string(),
-  code: "VALIDATION_FAILED".to_string(),
-  message: "Validation failed".to_string(),
-  cause: json!({}),
- }]
-}
-
-fn handle_all_of_error(base_path: &str) -> Vec<Error> {
- vec![Error {
-  path: base_path.to_string(),
-  code: "ALL_OF_VIOLATED".to_string(),
-  message: "Value does not match all required schemas".to_string(),
-  cause: json!({}),
- }]
-}
-
-fn handle_any_of_error(base_path: &str) -> Vec<Error> {
- vec![Error {
-  path: base_path.to_string(),
-  code: "ANY_OF_VIOLATED".to_string(),
-  message: "Value does not match any of the allowed schemas".to_string(),
-  cause: json!({}),
- }]
-}
-
-fn handle_one_of_error(base_path: &str, matched: &Option<(usize, usize)>) -> Vec<Error> {
- let (message, cause) = match matched {
-  None => (
-   "Value must match exactly one schema, but matches none".to_string(),
-   json!({ "matched_indices": null })
-  ),
-  Some((i, j)) => (
-   format!("Value must match exactly one schema, but matches schemas at positions {} and {}", i, j),
-   json!({ "matched_indices": [i, j] })
-  ),
- };
- 
- vec![Error {
-  path: base_path.to_string(),
-  code: "ONE_OF_VIOLATED".to_string(),
-  message,
-  cause,
- }]
-}
-
-// Formats errors according to DropError structure
-fn format_errors(errors: Vec<Error>, instance: &Value, schema_id: &str) -> Vec<Value> {
-    let mut unique_errors: HashMap<String, Value> = HashMap::new();
-    for error in errors {
-        let error_path = error.path.clone();
-        if let Entry::Vacant(entry) = unique_errors.entry(error_path.clone()) {
-            let failing_value = extract_value_at_path(instance, &error.path);
-            entry.insert(json!({
-                "code": error.code,
-                "message": error.message,
-                "details": {
-                    "path": error.path,
-                    "context": failing_value,
-                    "cause": error.cause,
-                    "schema": schema_id
-                }
-            }));
-        }
-    }
-    
-    unique_errors.into_values().collect::<Vec<Value>>()
-}
-
-// Helper function to extract value at a JSON pointer path
-fn extract_value_at_path(instance: &Value, path: &str) -> Value {
- let parts: Vec<&str> = path.split('/').filter(|s| !s.is_empty()).collect();
- let mut current = instance;
-
- for part in parts {
-  match current {
-   Value::Object(map) => {
-    if let Some(value) = map.get(part) {
-     current = value;
-    } else {
-     return Value::Null;
-    }
-   }
-   Value::Array(arr) => {
-    if let Ok(index) = part.parse::<usize>() {
-     if let Some(value) = arr.get(index) {
-      current = value;
-     } else {
-      return Value::Null;
-     }
-    } else {
-     return Value::Null;
-    }
-   }
-   _ => return Value::Null,
-  }
- }
-
- current.clone()
-}
-
-#[pg_extern(strict, parallel_safe)]
-fn json_schema_cached(schema_id: &str) -> bool {
- let cache = SCHEMA_CACHE.read().unwrap();
- cache.map.contains_key(schema_id)
-}
-
-#[pg_extern(strict)]
-fn clear_json_schemas() -> JsonB {
- let mut cache = SCHEMA_CACHE.write().unwrap();
- *cache = Cache {
-  schemas: Schemas::new(),
-  map: HashMap::new(),
- };
- JsonB(json!({ "response": "success" }))
-}
-
-#[pg_extern(strict, parallel_safe)]
-fn show_json_schemas() -> JsonB {
- let cache = SCHEMA_CACHE.read().unwrap();
- let ids: Vec<String> = cache.map.keys().cloned().collect();
- JsonB(json!({ "response": ids }))
-}
-
-/// This module is required by `cargo pgrx test` invocations.
-/// It must be visible at the root of your extension crate.
 #[cfg(test)]
-pub mod pg_test {
- pub fn setup(_options: Vec<&str>) {
-  // perform one-off initialization when the pg_test framework starts
- }
+pub struct JsonB(pub serde_json::Value);
 
- #[must_use]
- pub fn postgresql_conf_options() -> Vec<&'static str> {
-  // return any postgresql.conf settings that are required for your tests
-  vec![]
- }
+pub mod database;
+pub mod drop;
+pub mod jspg;
+pub mod merger;
+pub mod queryer;
+pub mod validator;
+
+use std::sync::{Arc, RwLock};
+
+lazy_static::lazy_static! {
+  // Global Atomic Swap Container:
+  // - RwLock: To protect the SWAP of the Option.
+  // - Option: Because it starts empty.
+  // - Arc: Because multiple running threads might hold the OLD engine while we swap.
+  // - Jspg: The root semantic engine encapsulating the database metadata, validator, queryer, and merger.
+  static ref GLOBAL_JSPG: RwLock<Option<Arc<jspg::Jspg>>> = RwLock::new(None);
 }
 
-#[cfg(any(test, feature = "pg_test"))]
-mod helpers {
- include!("helpers.rs");
+fn jspg_failure() -> JsonB {
+  let error = crate::drop::Error {
+    code: "ENGINE_NOT_INITIALIZED".to_string(),
+    message: "JSPG extension has not been initialized via jspg_setup".to_string(),
+    details: crate::drop::ErrorDetails {
+      path: "".to_string(),
+    },
+  };
+  let drop = crate::drop::Drop::with_errors(vec![error]);
+  JsonB(serde_json::to_value(drop).unwrap())
 }
 
-#[cfg(any(test, feature = "pg_test"))]
-mod schemas {
- include!("schemas.rs");
+#[cfg_attr(not(test), pg_extern(strict))]
+pub fn jspg_setup(database: JsonB) -> JsonB {
+  match crate::jspg::Jspg::new(&database.0) {
+    Ok(new_jspg) => {
+      let new_arc = Arc::new(new_jspg);
+
+      // 3. ATOMIC SWAP
+      {
+        let mut lock = GLOBAL_JSPG.write().unwrap();
+        *lock = Some(new_arc);
+      }
+
+      let drop = crate::drop::Drop::success();
+      JsonB(serde_json::to_value(drop).unwrap())
+    }
+    Err(drop) => JsonB(serde_json::to_value(drop).unwrap()),
+  }
 }
 
-#[cfg(any(test, feature = "pg_test"))]
-#[pg_schema]
-mod tests {
- include!("tests.rs");
-}
+#[cfg_attr(not(test), pg_extern)]
+pub fn jspg_merge(data: JsonB) -> JsonB {
+  // Try to acquire a read lock to get a clone of the Engine Arc
+  let engine_opt = {
+    let lock = GLOBAL_JSPG.read().unwrap();
+    lock.clone()
+  };
+
+  match engine_opt {
+    Some(engine) => {
+      let drop = engine.merger.merge(data.0);
+      JsonB(serde_json::to_value(drop).unwrap())
+    }
+    None => jspg_failure(),
+  }
+}
+
+#[cfg_attr(not(test), pg_extern)]
+pub fn jspg_query(schema_id: &str, stem: Option<&str>, filters: Option<JsonB>) -> JsonB {
+  let engine_opt = {
+    let lock = GLOBAL_JSPG.read().unwrap();
+    lock.clone()
+  };
+
+  match engine_opt {
+    Some(engine) => {
+      let drop = engine
+        .queryer
+        .query(schema_id, stem, filters.as_ref().map(|f| &f.0));
+      JsonB(serde_json::to_value(drop).unwrap())
+    }
+    None => jspg_failure(),
+  }
+}
+
+// `mask_json_schema` has been removed as the mask architecture is fully replaced by Spi string queries during DB interactions.
+
+#[cfg_attr(not(test), pg_extern(strict, parallel_safe))]
+pub fn jspg_validate(schema_id: &str, instance: JsonB) -> JsonB {
+  // 1. Acquire Snapshot
+  let jspg_arc = {
+    let lock = GLOBAL_JSPG.read().unwrap();
+    lock.clone()
+  };
+
+  // 2. Validate (Lock-Free)
+  if let Some(engine) = jspg_arc {
+    let drop = engine.validator.validate(schema_id, &instance.0);
+    JsonB(serde_json::to_value(drop).unwrap())
+  } else {
+    jspg_failure()
+  }
+}
+
+#[cfg_attr(not(test), pg_extern)]
+pub fn jspg_stems() -> JsonB {
+  let engine_opt = {
+    let lock = GLOBAL_JSPG.read().unwrap();
+    lock.clone()
+  };
+
+  match engine_opt {
+    Some(engine) => {
+      let stems_json = serde_json::to_value(&engine.database.stems)
+        .unwrap_or(serde_json::Value::Object(serde_json::Map::new()));
+      JsonB(stems_json)
+    }
+    None => JsonB(serde_json::Value::Object(serde_json::Map::new())),
+  }
+}
+
+#[cfg_attr(not(test), pg_extern(strict))]
+pub fn jspg_teardown() -> JsonB {
+  let mut lock = GLOBAL_JSPG.write().unwrap();
+  *lock = None;
+  let drop = crate::drop::Drop::success();
+  JsonB(serde_json::to_value(drop).unwrap())
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub mod tests;

src/merger/cache.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+use dashmap::DashMap;
+
+pub struct StatementCache {
+  /// Maps a Cache Key (String) -> SQL String (String)
+  statements: DashMap<String, String>,
+}
+
+impl StatementCache {
+  pub fn new(_max_capacity: u64) -> Self {
+    Self {
+      statements: DashMap::new(),
+    }
+  }
+
+  /// Retrieve an existing statement name by key, or None if it missed
+  pub fn get(&self, key: &str) -> Option<String> {
+    self.statements.get(key).map(|v| v.clone())
+  }
+
+  /// Insert a completely verified/compiled statement string into the cache
+  pub fn insert(&self, key: String, sql: String) {
+    self.statements.insert(key, sql);
+  }
+}

src/merger/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,906 @@
+//! The `merger` module handles executing Postgres SPI directives dynamically based on JSON payloads
+//! using the structurally isolated schema rules provided by the `Database` registry.
+
+pub mod cache;
+
+use crate::database::Database;
+use serde_json::Value;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+pub struct Merger {
+  pub db: Arc<Database>,
+  pub cache: cache::StatementCache,
+}
+
+impl Merger {
+  pub fn new(db: Arc<Database>) -> Self {
+    Self {
+      db,
+      cache: cache::StatementCache::new(10_000),
+    }
+  }
+
+  pub fn merge(&self, data: Value) -> crate::drop::Drop {
+    let mut val_resolved = Value::Null;
+    let mut notifications_queue = Vec::new();
+    
+    let result = self.merge_internal(data, &mut notifications_queue);
+
+    match result {
+      Ok(val) => {
+        val_resolved = val;
+      }
+      Err(msg) => {
+        return crate::drop::Drop::with_errors(vec![crate::drop::Error {
+          code: "MERGE_FAILED".to_string(),
+          message: msg,
+          details: crate::drop::ErrorDetails {
+            path: "".to_string(),
+          },
+        }]);
+      }
+    };
+
+    // Execute the globally collected, pre-ordered notifications last! 
+    for notify_sql in notifications_queue {
+      if let Err(e) = self.db.execute(&notify_sql, None) {
+        return crate::drop::Drop::with_errors(vec![crate::drop::Error {
+          code: "MERGE_FAILED".to_string(),
+          message: format!("Executor Error in pre-ordered notify: {:?}", e),
+          details: crate::drop::ErrorDetails {
+            path: "".to_string(),
+          },
+        }]);
+      }
+    }
+
+    let stripped_val = match val_resolved {
+      Value::Object(mut map) => {
+        let mut out = serde_json::Map::new();
+        if let Some(id) = map.remove("id") {
+          out.insert("id".to_string(), id);
+        }
+        Value::Object(out)
+      }
+      Value::Array(arr) => {
+        let mut out_arr = Vec::new();
+        for item in arr {
+          if let Value::Object(mut map) = item {
+            let mut out = serde_json::Map::new();
+            if let Some(id) = map.remove("id") {
+              out.insert("id".to_string(), id);
+            }
+            out_arr.push(Value::Object(out));
+          } else {
+            out_arr.push(Value::Null);
+          }
+        }
+        Value::Array(out_arr)
+      }
+      other => other,
+    };
+    crate::drop::Drop::success_with_val(stripped_val)
+  }
+
+  pub(crate) fn merge_internal(&self, data: Value, notifications: &mut Vec<String>) -> Result<Value, String> {
+    match data {
+      Value::Array(items) => self.merge_array(items, notifications),
+      Value::Object(map) => self.merge_object(map, notifications),
+      _ => Err("Invalid merge payload: root must be an Object or Array".to_string()),
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn merge_array(&self, items: Vec<Value>, notifications: &mut Vec<String>) -> Result<Value, String> {
+    let mut resolved_items = Vec::new();
+    for item in items {
+      let resolved = self.merge_internal(item, notifications)?;
+      resolved_items.push(resolved);
+    }
+    Ok(Value::Array(resolved_items))
+  }
+
+  fn merge_object(&self, obj: serde_json::Map<String, Value>, notifications: &mut Vec<String>) -> Result<Value, String> {
+    let queue_start = notifications.len();
+
+    let type_name = match obj.get("type").and_then(|v| v.as_str()) {
+      Some(t) => t.to_string(),
+      None => return Err("Missing required 'type' field on object".to_string()),
+    };
+
+    let type_def = match self.db.types.get(&type_name) {
+      Some(t) => t,
+      None => return Err(format!("Unknown entity type: {}", type_name)),
+    };
+
+    // 1. Segment the entity: fields in type_def.fields are database fields, others are relationships
+    let mut entity_fields = serde_json::Map::new();
+    let mut entity_objects = serde_json::Map::new();
+    let mut entity_arrays = serde_json::Map::new();
+
+    for (k, v) in obj {
+      let is_field = type_def.fields.contains(&k) || k == "created";
+      let typeof_v = match &v {
+        Value::Object(_) => "object",
+        Value::Array(_) => "array",
+        _ => "other",
+      };
+
+      if is_field {
+        entity_fields.insert(k, v);
+      } else if typeof_v == "object" {
+        entity_objects.insert(k, v);
+      } else if typeof_v == "array" {
+        entity_arrays.insert(k, v);
+      }
+    }
+
+    let user_id = self.db.auth_user_id()?;
+    let timestamp = self.db.timestamp()?;
+
+    let mut entity_change_kind = None;
+    let mut entity_fetched = None;
+
+    // 2. Pre-stage the entity (for non-relationships)
+    if !type_def.relationship {
+      let (fields, kind, fetched) =
+        self.stage_entity(entity_fields.clone(), type_def, &user_id, &timestamp)?;
+      entity_fields = fields;
+      entity_change_kind = kind;
+      entity_fetched = fetched;
+    }
+
+    let mut entity_response = serde_json::Map::new();
+
+    // 3. Handle related objects
+    for (relation_name, relative_val) in entity_objects {
+      let mut relative = match relative_val {
+        Value::Object(m) => m,
+        _ => continue,
+      };
+
+      let relative_relation = self.get_entity_relation(type_def, &relative, &relation_name)?;
+
+      if let Some(relation) = relative_relation {
+        let parent_is_source = type_def.hierarchy.contains(&relation.source_type);
+
+        if parent_is_source {
+          // Parent holds FK to Child. Child MUST be generated FIRST.
+          if !relative.contains_key("organization_id") {
+            if let Some(org_id) = entity_fields.get("organization_id") {
+              relative.insert("organization_id".to_string(), org_id.clone());
+            }
+          }
+
+          let merged_relative = match self.merge_internal(Value::Object(relative), notifications)? {
+            Value::Object(m) => m,
+            _ => continue,
+          };
+
+          Self::apply_entity_relation(
+            &mut entity_fields,
+            &relation.source_columns,
+            &relation.destination_columns,
+            &merged_relative,
+          );
+          entity_response.insert(relation_name, Value::Object(merged_relative));
+        } else {
+          // Child holds FK back to Parent.
+          if !relative.contains_key("organization_id") {
+            if let Some(org_id) = entity_fields.get("organization_id") {
+              relative.insert("organization_id".to_string(), org_id.clone());
+            }
+          }
+
+          Self::apply_entity_relation(
+            &mut relative,
+            &relation.source_columns,
+            &relation.destination_columns,
+            &entity_fields,
+          );
+
+          let merged_relative = match self.merge_internal(Value::Object(relative), notifications)? {
+            Value::Object(m) => m,
+            _ => continue,
+          };
+
+          entity_response.insert(relation_name, Value::Object(merged_relative));
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    // 4. Post-stage the entity (for relationships)
+    if type_def.relationship {
+      let (fields, kind, fetched) =
+        self.stage_entity(entity_fields.clone(), type_def, &user_id, &timestamp)?;
+      entity_fields = fields;
+      entity_change_kind = kind;
+      entity_fetched = fetched;
+    }
+
+    // 5. Process the main entity fields
+    self.merge_entity_fields(
+      entity_change_kind.as_deref().unwrap_or(""),
+      &type_name,
+      type_def,
+      &entity_fields,
+      entity_fetched.as_ref(),
+    )?;
+
+    // Add main entity fields to response
+    for (k, v) in &entity_fields {
+      entity_response.insert(k.clone(), v.clone());
+    }
+
+    // 6. Handle related arrays
+    for (relation_name, relative_val) in entity_arrays {
+      let relative_arr = match relative_val {
+        Value::Array(a) => a,
+        _ => continue,
+      };
+
+      if relative_arr.is_empty() {
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      let first_relative = match &relative_arr[0] {
+        Value::Object(m) => m,
+        _ => continue,
+      };
+
+      let relative_relation = self.get_entity_relation(type_def, first_relative, &relation_name)?;
+
+      if let Some(relation) = relative_relation {
+        let mut relative_responses = Vec::new();
+        for relative_item_val in relative_arr {
+          if let Value::Object(mut relative_item) = relative_item_val {
+            if !relative_item.contains_key("organization_id") {
+              if let Some(org_id) = entity_fields.get("organization_id") {
+                relative_item.insert("organization_id".to_string(), org_id.clone());
+              }
+            }
+
+            Self::apply_entity_relation(
+              &mut relative_item,
+              &relation.source_columns,
+              &relation.destination_columns,
+              &entity_fields,
+            );
+
+            let merged_relative = match self.merge_internal(Value::Object(relative_item), notifications)? {
+              Value::Object(m) => m,
+              _ => continue,
+            };
+
+            relative_responses.push(Value::Object(merged_relative));
+          }
+        }
+        entity_response.insert(relation_name, Value::Array(relative_responses));
+      }
+    }
+
+    // 7. Perform change tracking
+    let notify_sql = self.merge_entity_change(
+      &entity_fields,
+      entity_fetched.as_ref(),
+      entity_change_kind.as_deref(),
+      &user_id,
+      &timestamp,
+    )?;
+
+    if let Some(sql) = notify_sql {
+      notifications.insert(queue_start, sql);
+    }
+
+    // Produce the full tree response
+    let mut final_response = serde_json::Map::new();
+    if let Some(fetched) = entity_fetched {
+      for (k, v) in fetched {
+        final_response.insert(k, v);
+      }
+    }
+    for (k, v) in entity_response {
+      final_response.insert(k, v);
+    }
+
+    Ok(Value::Object(final_response))
+  }
+
+  fn stage_entity(
+    &self,
+    mut entity_fields: serde_json::Map<String, Value>,
+    type_def: &crate::database::r#type::Type,
+    user_id: &str,
+    timestamp: &str,
+  ) -> Result<
+    (
+      serde_json::Map<String, Value>,
+      Option<String>,
+      Option<serde_json::Map<String, Value>>,
+    ),
+    String,
+  > {
+    let type_name = type_def.name.as_str();
+
+    let entity_fetched = self.fetch_entity(&entity_fields, type_def)?;
+
+    let system_keys = vec![
+      "id".to_string(),
+      "type".to_string(),
+      "created_by".to_string(),
+      "modified_by".to_string(),
+      "created_at".to_string(),
+      "modified_at".to_string(),
+    ];
+
+    let changes = self.compare_entities(
+      entity_fetched.as_ref(),
+      &entity_fields,
+      &type_def.fields,
+      &system_keys,
+    );
+
+    let mut entity_change_kind = None;
+
+    if entity_fetched.is_none() {
+      let entity_id = entity_fields
+        .get("id")
+        .and_then(|v| v.as_str())
+        .unwrap_or("");
+      let id_val = if entity_id.is_empty() {
+        Value::String(uuid::Uuid::new_v4().to_string())
+      } else {
+        Value::String(entity_id.to_string())
+      };
+
+      entity_change_kind = Some("create".to_string());
+
+      let mut new_fields = changes.clone();
+      new_fields.insert("id".to_string(), id_val);
+      new_fields.insert("type".to_string(), Value::String(type_name.to_string()));
+      new_fields.insert("created_by".to_string(), Value::String(user_id.to_string()));
+      new_fields.insert(
+        "created_at".to_string(),
+        Value::String(timestamp.to_string()),
+      );
+      new_fields.insert(
+        "modified_by".to_string(),
+        Value::String(user_id.to_string()),
+      );
+      new_fields.insert(
+        "modified_at".to_string(),
+        Value::String(timestamp.to_string()),
+      );
+
+      entity_fields = new_fields;
+    } else if changes.is_empty() {
+      let mut new_fields = serde_json::Map::new();
+      new_fields.insert(
+        "id".to_string(),
+        entity_fetched.as_ref().unwrap().get("id").unwrap().clone(),
+      );
+      new_fields.insert("type".to_string(), Value::String(type_name.to_string()));
+
+      entity_fields = new_fields;
+    } else {
+      let is_archived = changes
+        .get("archived")
+        .and_then(|v| v.as_bool())
+        .unwrap_or(false);
+      entity_change_kind = if is_archived {
+        Some("delete".to_string())
+      } else {
+        Some("update".to_string())
+      };
+
+      let mut new_fields = changes.clone();
+      new_fields.insert(
+        "id".to_string(),
+        entity_fetched.as_ref().unwrap().get("id").unwrap().clone(),
+      );
+      new_fields.insert("type".to_string(), Value::String(type_name.to_string()));
+      new_fields.insert(
+        "modified_by".to_string(),
+        Value::String(user_id.to_string()),
+      );
+      new_fields.insert(
+        "modified_at".to_string(),
+        Value::String(timestamp.to_string()),
+      );
+
+      entity_fields = new_fields;
+    }
+
+    Ok((entity_fields, entity_change_kind, entity_fetched))
+  }
+
+  fn fetch_entity(
+    &self,
+    entity_fields: &serde_json::Map<String, Value>,
+    entity_type: &crate::database::r#type::Type,
+  ) -> Result<Option<serde_json::Map<String, Value>>, String> {
+    let id_val = entity_fields.get("id");
+    let entity_type_name = entity_type.name.as_str();
+
+    let mut lookup_complete = false;
+    if !entity_type.lookup_fields.is_empty() {
+      lookup_complete = true;
+      for column in &entity_type.lookup_fields {
+        match entity_fields.get(column) {
+          Some(Value::Null) | None => {
+            lookup_complete = false;
+            break;
+          }
+          Some(Value::String(s)) if s.is_empty() => {
+            lookup_complete = false;
+            break;
+          }
+          _ => {}
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    if id_val.is_none() && !lookup_complete {
+      return Ok(None);
+    }
+
+    let fetch_sql_template = if let Some(cached) = self.cache.get(entity_type_name) {
+      cached
+    } else {
+      let mut select_list = String::from("to_jsonb(t1.*)");
+      let mut join_clauses = format!("FROM agreego.\"{}\" t1", entity_type.hierarchy[0]);
+
+      for (i, table_name) in entity_type.hierarchy.iter().enumerate().skip(1) {
+        let t_alias = format!("t{}", i + 1);
+        join_clauses.push_str(&format!(
+          " LEFT JOIN agreego.\"{}\" {} ON {}.id = t1.id",
+          table_name, t_alias, t_alias
+        ));
+        select_list.push_str(&format!(" || to_jsonb({}.*)", t_alias));
+      }
+
+      let template = format!("SELECT {} {}", select_list, join_clauses);
+      self
+        .cache
+        .insert(entity_type_name.to_string(), template.clone());
+      template
+    };
+
+    let where_clause = if let Some(id) = id_val {
+      format!("WHERE t1.id = {}", Self::quote_literal(id))
+    } else if lookup_complete {
+      let mut lookup_predicates = Vec::new();
+
+      for column in &entity_type.lookup_fields {
+        let val = entity_fields.get(column).unwrap_or(&Value::Null);
+        if column == "type" {
+          lookup_predicates.push(format!("t1.\"{}\" = {}", column, Self::quote_literal(val)));
+        } else {
+          lookup_predicates.push(format!("\"{}\" = {}", column, Self::quote_literal(val)));
+        }
+      }
+      format!("WHERE {}", lookup_predicates.join(" AND "))
+    } else {
+      return Ok(None);
+    };
+
+    let final_sql = format!("{} {}", fetch_sql_template, where_clause);
+
+    let fetched = match self.db.query(&final_sql, None) {
+      Ok(Value::Array(table)) => {
+        if table.len() > 1 {
+          Err(format!(
+            "TOO_MANY_LOOKUP_ROWS: Lookup for {} found too many existing rows",
+            entity_type_name
+          ))
+        } else if table.is_empty() {
+          Ok(None)
+        } else {
+          let row = table.first().unwrap();
+          match row {
+            Value::Object(map) => Ok(Some(map.clone())),
+            other => Err(format!("Expected JSON object, got: {:?}", other)),
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      Ok(_) => Err("Expected array from query in fetch_entity".to_string()),
+      Err(e) => Err(format!("SPI error in fetch_entity: {:?}", e)),
+    }?;
+
+    Ok(fetched)
+  }
+
+  fn merge_entity_fields(
+    &self,
+    change_kind: &str,
+    entity_type_name: &str,
+    entity_type: &crate::database::r#type::Type,
+    entity_fields: &serde_json::Map<String, Value>,
+    _entity_fetched: Option<&serde_json::Map<String, Value>>,
+  ) -> Result<(), String> {
+    if change_kind.is_empty() {
+      return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    let id_str = match entity_fields.get("id").and_then(|v| v.as_str()) {
+      Some(id) => id,
+      None => return Err("Missing 'id' for merge execution".to_string()),
+    };
+
+    let grouped_fields = match &entity_type.grouped_fields {
+      Some(Value::Object(map)) => map,
+      _ => {
+        return Err(format!(
+          "Grouped fields missing for type {}",
+          entity_type_name
+        ));
+      }
+    };
+
+    let mut execute_order: Vec<String> = entity_type.hierarchy.clone();
+    if change_kind == "create" {
+      execute_order.reverse();
+    }
+
+    for table_name in execute_order {
+      let table_fields = match grouped_fields.get(&table_name).and_then(|v| v.as_array()) {
+        Some(arr) => arr
+          .iter()
+          .filter_map(|v| v.as_str().map(|s| s.to_string()))
+          .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        None => continue,
+      };
+
+      let mut entity_pairs = serde_json::Map::new();
+      for (k, v) in entity_fields {
+        if table_fields.contains(k) {
+          entity_pairs.insert(k.clone(), v.clone());
+        }
+      }
+
+      if change_kind == "create" {
+        if !entity_pairs.contains_key("id") && table_fields.contains(&"id".to_string()) {
+          entity_pairs.insert("id".to_string(), Value::String(id_str.to_string()));
+        }
+        if !entity_pairs.contains_key("type") && table_fields.contains(&"type".to_string()) {
+          entity_pairs.insert(
+            "type".to_string(),
+            Value::String(entity_type_name.to_string()),
+          );
+        }
+
+        let mut columns = Vec::new();
+        let mut values = Vec::new();
+
+        let mut sorted_keys: Vec<_> = entity_pairs.keys().cloned().collect();
+        sorted_keys.sort();
+
+        for key in &sorted_keys {
+          columns.push(format!("\"{}\"", key));
+          let val = entity_pairs.get(key).unwrap();
+          if val.as_str() == Some("") {
+            values.push("NULL".to_string());
+          } else {
+            values.push(Self::quote_literal(val));
+          }
+        }
+
+        if columns.is_empty() {
+          continue;
+        }
+
+        let sql = format!(
+          "INSERT INTO agreego.\"{}\" ({}) VALUES ({})",
+          table_name,
+          columns.join(", "),
+          values.join(", ")
+        );
+        self
+          .db
+          .execute(&sql, None)
+          .map_err(|e| format!("SPI Error in INSERT: {:?}", e))?;
+      } else if change_kind == "update" || change_kind == "delete" {
+        entity_pairs.remove("id");
+        entity_pairs.remove("type");
+
+        if entity_pairs.is_empty() {
+          continue;
+        }
+
+        let mut set_clauses = Vec::new();
+        let mut sorted_keys: Vec<_> = entity_pairs.keys().cloned().collect();
+        sorted_keys.sort();
+
+        for key in &sorted_keys {
+          let val = entity_pairs.get(key).unwrap();
+          if val.as_str() == Some("") {
+            set_clauses.push(format!("\"{}\" = NULL", key));
+          } else {
+            set_clauses.push(format!("\"{}\" = {}", key, Self::quote_literal(val)));
+          }
+        }
+
+        let sql = format!(
+          "UPDATE agreego.\"{}\" SET {} WHERE id = {}",
+          table_name,
+          set_clauses.join(", "),
+          Self::quote_literal(&Value::String(id_str.to_string()))
+        );
+        self
+          .db
+          .execute(&sql, None)
+          .map_err(|e| format!("SPI Error in UPDATE: {:?}", e))?;
+      }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+  }
+
+  fn merge_entity_change(
+    &self,
+    entity_fields: &serde_json::Map<String, Value>,
+    entity_fetched: Option<&serde_json::Map<String, Value>>,
+    entity_change_kind: Option<&str>,
+    user_id: &str,
+    timestamp: &str,
+  ) -> Result<Option<String>, String> {
+    let change_kind = match entity_change_kind {
+      Some(k) => k,
+      None => return Ok(None),
+    };
+
+    let id_str = entity_fields.get("id").unwrap();
+    let type_name = entity_fields.get("type").unwrap();
+
+    let mut changes = serde_json::Map::new();
+    let is_update = change_kind == "update" || change_kind == "delete";
+
+    if !is_update {
+      let system_keys = vec![
+        "id".to_string(),
+        "created_by".to_string(),
+        "modified_by".to_string(),
+        "created_at".to_string(),
+        "modified_at".to_string(),
+      ];
+      for (k, v) in entity_fields {
+        if !system_keys.contains(k) {
+          changes.insert(k.clone(), v.clone());
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      let system_keys = vec![
+        "id".to_string(),
+        "type".to_string(),
+        "created_by".to_string(),
+        "modified_by".to_string(),
+        "created_at".to_string(),
+        "modified_at".to_string(),
+      ];
+      for (k, v) in entity_fields {
+        if !system_keys.contains(k) {
+          if let Some(fetched) = entity_fetched {
+            let old_val = fetched.get(k).unwrap_or(&Value::Null);
+            if v != old_val {
+              changes.insert(k.clone(), v.clone());
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      changes.insert("type".to_string(), type_name.clone());
+    }
+
+    let mut complete = entity_fields.clone();
+    if is_update {
+      if let Some(fetched) = entity_fetched {
+        let mut temp = fetched.clone();
+        for (k, v) in entity_fields {
+          temp.insert(k.clone(), v.clone());
+        }
+        complete = temp;
+      }
+    }
+
+    let mut notification = serde_json::Map::new();
+    notification.insert("complete".to_string(), Value::Object(complete));
+    if is_update {
+      notification.insert("changes".to_string(), Value::Object(changes.clone()));
+    }
+
+    let change_sql = format!(
+      "INSERT INTO agreego.change (changes, entity_id, id, kind, modified_at, modified_by) VALUES ({}, {}, {}, {}, {}, {})",
+      Self::quote_literal(&Value::Object(changes)),
+      Self::quote_literal(id_str),
+      Self::quote_literal(&Value::String(uuid::Uuid::new_v4().to_string())),
+      Self::quote_literal(&Value::String(change_kind.to_string())),
+      Self::quote_literal(&Value::String(timestamp.to_string())),
+      Self::quote_literal(&Value::String(user_id.to_string()))
+    );
+
+    let notify_sql = format!(
+      "SELECT pg_notify('entity', {})",
+      Self::quote_literal(&Value::String(Value::Object(notification).to_string()))
+    );
+
+    self
+      .db
+      .execute(&change_sql, None)
+      .map_err(|e| format!("Executor Error in change: {:?}", e))?;
+
+    Ok(Some(notify_sql))
+  }
+
+  fn compare_entities(
+    &self,
+    fetched_entity: Option<&serde_json::Map<String, Value>>,
+    new_fields: &serde_json::Map<String, Value>,
+    type_fields: &[String],
+    system_keys: &[String],
+  ) -> serde_json::Map<String, Value> {
+    let mut changes = serde_json::Map::new();
+
+    if fetched_entity.is_none() {
+      for (k, v) in new_fields {
+        if type_fields.contains(k) && !system_keys.contains(k) {
+          changes.insert(k.clone(), v.clone());
+        }
+      }
+      return changes;
+    }
+
+    let old_map = fetched_entity.unwrap();
+
+    for (k, v) in new_fields {
+      if type_fields.contains(k) && !system_keys.contains(k) {
+        let old_val = old_map.get(k).unwrap_or(&Value::Null);
+        if v != old_val {
+          changes.insert(k.clone(), v.clone());
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    changes
+  }
+
+  fn reduce_entity_relations(
+    &self,
+    mut matching_relations: Vec<crate::database::relation::Relation>,
+    relative: &serde_json::Map<String, Value>,
+    relation_name: &str,
+  ) -> Result<Option<crate::database::relation::Relation>, String> {
+    if matching_relations.is_empty() {
+      return Ok(None);
+    }
+    if matching_relations.len() == 1 {
+      return Ok(Some(matching_relations.pop().unwrap()));
+    }
+
+    let exact_match: Vec<_> = matching_relations
+      .iter()
+      .filter(|r| r.prefix.as_deref() == Some(relation_name))
+      .cloned()
+      .collect();
+    if exact_match.len() == 1 {
+      return Ok(Some(exact_match.into_iter().next().unwrap()));
+    }
+
+    matching_relations.retain(|r| {
+      if let Some(prefix) = &r.prefix {
+        !relative.contains_key(prefix)
+      } else {
+        true
+      }
+    });
+
+    if matching_relations.len() == 1 {
+      Ok(Some(matching_relations.pop().unwrap()))
+    } else {
+      let constraints: Vec<_> = matching_relations
+        .iter()
+        .map(|r| r.constraint.clone())
+        .collect();
+      Err(format!(
+        "AMBIGUOUS_TYPE_RELATIONS: Could not reduce ambiguous type relations: {}",
+        constraints.join(", ")
+      ))
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn get_entity_relation(
+    &self,
+    entity_type: &crate::database::r#type::Type,
+    relative: &serde_json::Map<String, Value>,
+    relation_name: &str,
+  ) -> Result<Option<crate::database::relation::Relation>, String> {
+    let relative_type_name = match relative.get("type").and_then(|v| v.as_str()) {
+      Some(t) => t,
+      None => return Ok(None),
+    };
+
+    let relative_type = match self.db.types.get(relative_type_name) {
+      Some(t) => t,
+      None => return Ok(None),
+    };
+
+    let mut relative_relations: Vec<crate::database::relation::Relation> = Vec::new();
+
+    for r in self.db.relations.values() {
+      if r.source_type != "entity" && r.destination_type != "entity" {
+        let condition1 = relative_type.hierarchy.contains(&r.source_type)
+          && entity_type.hierarchy.contains(&r.destination_type);
+        let condition2 = entity_type.hierarchy.contains(&r.source_type)
+          && relative_type.hierarchy.contains(&r.destination_type);
+
+        if condition1 || condition2 {
+          relative_relations.push(r.clone());
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    let mut relative_relation =
+      self.reduce_entity_relations(relative_relations, relative, relation_name)?;
+
+    if relative_relation.is_none() {
+      let mut poly_relations: Vec<crate::database::relation::Relation> = Vec::new();
+      for r in self.db.relations.values() {
+        if r.destination_type == "entity" {
+          let condition1 = relative_type.hierarchy.contains(&r.source_type);
+          let condition2 = entity_type.hierarchy.contains(&r.source_type);
+
+          if condition1 || condition2 {
+            poly_relations.push(r.clone());
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      relative_relation = self.reduce_entity_relations(poly_relations, relative, relation_name)?;
+    }
+
+    Ok(relative_relation)
+  }
+
+  fn apply_entity_relation(
+    source_entity: &mut serde_json::Map<String, Value>,
+    source_columns: &[String],
+    destination_columns: &[String],
+    destination_entity: &serde_json::Map<String, Value>,
+  ) {
+    if source_columns.len() != destination_columns.len() {
+      return;
+    }
+    for i in 0..source_columns.len() {
+      if let Some(dest_val) = destination_entity.get(&destination_columns[i]) {
+        source_entity.insert(source_columns[i].clone(), dest_val.clone());
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn quote_literal(val: &Value) -> String {
+    match val {
+      Value::Null => "NULL".to_string(),
+      Value::Bool(b) => {
+        if *b {
+          "true".to_string()
+        } else {
+          "false".to_string()
+        }
+      }
+      Value::Number(n) => {
+        if let Some(f) = n.as_f64() {
+          if f.fract() == 0.0 {
+            return f.trunc().to_string();
+          }
+        }
+        n.to_string()
+      }
+      Value::String(s) => {
+        if s.is_empty() {
+          "NULL".to_string()
+        } else {
+          format!("'{}'", s.replace('\'', "''"))
+        }
+      }
+      _ => format!(
+        "'{}'",
+        serde_json::to_string(val).unwrap().replace('\'', "''")
+      ),
+    }
+  }
+}

src/queryer/compiler.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,541 @@
+use crate::database::Database;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+pub struct SqlCompiler {
+  pub db: Arc<Database>,
+}
+
+impl SqlCompiler {
+  pub fn new(db: Arc<Database>) -> Self {
+    Self { db }
+  }
+
+  /// Compiles a JSON schema into a nested PostgreSQL query returning JSONB
+  pub fn compile(
+    &self,
+    schema_id: &str,
+    stem_path: Option<&str>,
+    filter_keys: &[String],
+  ) -> Result<String, String> {
+    let schema = self
+      .db
+      .schemas
+      .get(schema_id)
+      .ok_or_else(|| format!("Schema not found: {}", schema_id))?;
+
+    let resolved_arc;
+    let target_schema = if let Some(path) = stem_path.filter(|p| !p.is_empty() && *p != "/") {
+      if let Some(stems_map) = self.db.stems.get(schema_id) {
+        if let Some(stem) = stems_map.get(path) {
+          resolved_arc = stem.schema.clone();
+        } else {
+          return Err(format!(
+            "Stem entity type '{}' not found in schema '{}'",
+            path, schema_id
+          ));
+        }
+      } else {
+        return Err(format!(
+          "Stem entity type '{}' not found in schema '{}'",
+          path, schema_id
+        ));
+      }
+      resolved_arc.as_ref()
+    } else {
+      schema
+    };
+
+    // We expect the top level to typically be an Object or Array
+    let is_stem_query = stem_path.is_some();
+    let (sql, _) = self.walk_schema(target_schema, "t1", None, filter_keys, is_stem_query, 0, String::new())?;
+    Ok(sql)
+  }
+
+  /// Recursively walks the schema AST emitting native PostgreSQL jsonb mapping
+  /// Returns a tuple of (SQL_String, Field_Type)
+  fn walk_schema(
+    &self,
+    schema: &crate::database::schema::Schema,
+    parent_alias: &str,
+    prop_name_context: Option<&str>,
+    filter_keys: &[String],
+    is_stem_query: bool,
+    depth: usize,
+    current_path: String,
+  ) -> Result<(String, String), String> {
+    // Determine the base schema type (could be an array, object, or literal)
+    match &schema.obj.type_ {
+      Some(crate::database::schema::SchemaTypeOrArray::Single(t)) if t == "array" => {
+        // Handle Arrays:
+        if let Some(items) = &schema.obj.items {
+          let next_path = if current_path.is_empty() {
+            String::from("#")
+          } else {
+            format!("{}.#", current_path)
+          };
+
+          if let Some(ref_id) = &items.obj.r#ref {
+            if let Some(type_def) = self.db.types.get(ref_id) {
+              return self.compile_entity_node(
+                items,
+                type_def,
+                parent_alias,
+                prop_name_context,
+                true,
+                filter_keys,
+                is_stem_query,
+                depth,
+                next_path,
+              );
+            }
+          }
+          let (item_sql, _) = self.walk_schema(
+            items,
+            parent_alias,
+            prop_name_context,
+            filter_keys,
+            is_stem_query,
+            depth + 1,
+            next_path,
+          )?;
+          return Ok((
+            format!("(SELECT jsonb_agg({}) FROM TODO)", item_sql),
+            "array".to_string(),
+          ));
+        }
+
+        Ok((
+          "SELECT jsonb_agg(TODO) FROM TODO".to_string(),
+          "array".to_string(),
+        ))
+      }
+      _ => {
+        // Determine if this schema represents a Database Entity
+        let mut resolved_type = None;
+
+        // Target is generally a specific schema (e.g. 'base.person'), but it tells us what physical
+        // database table hierarchy it maps to via the `schema.id` prefix/suffix convention.
+        if let Some(lookup_key) = schema.obj.id.as_ref().or(schema.obj.r#ref.as_ref()) {
+          let base_type_name = lookup_key.split('.').next_back().unwrap_or("").to_string();
+          resolved_type = self.db.types.get(&base_type_name);
+        }
+
+        if let Some(type_def) = resolved_type {
+          return self.compile_entity_node(
+            schema,
+            type_def,
+            parent_alias,
+            prop_name_context,
+            false,
+            filter_keys,
+            is_stem_query,
+            depth,
+            current_path,
+          );
+        }
+
+        // Handle Direct Refs
+        if let Some(ref_id) = &schema.obj.r#ref {
+          // If it's just an ad-hoc struct ref, we should resolve it
+          if let Some(target_schema) = self.db.schemas.get(ref_id) {
+            return self.walk_schema(
+              target_schema,
+              parent_alias,
+              prop_name_context,
+              filter_keys,
+              is_stem_query,
+              depth,
+              current_path,
+            );
+          }
+          return Err(format!("Unresolved $ref: {}", ref_id));
+        }
+
+        // Just an inline object definition?
+        if let Some(props) = &schema.obj.properties {
+          return self.compile_inline_object(
+            props,
+            parent_alias,
+            filter_keys,
+            is_stem_query,
+            depth,
+            current_path,
+          );
+        }
+
+        // Literal fallback
+        Ok((
+          format!(
+            "{}.{}",
+            parent_alias,
+            prop_name_context.unwrap_or("unknown_prop")
+          ),
+          "string".to_string(),
+        ))
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn get_merged_properties(
+    &self,
+    schema: &crate::database::schema::Schema,
+  ) -> std::collections::BTreeMap<String, Arc<crate::database::schema::Schema>> {
+    let mut props = std::collections::BTreeMap::new();
+
+    if let Some(ref_id) = &schema.obj.r#ref {
+      if let Some(parent_schema) = self.db.schemas.get(ref_id) {
+        props.extend(self.get_merged_properties(parent_schema));
+      }
+    }
+
+    if let Some(local_props) = &schema.obj.properties {
+      for (k, v) in local_props {
+        props.insert(k.clone(), v.clone());
+      }
+    }
+
+    props
+  }
+
+  fn compile_entity_node(
+    &self,
+    schema: &crate::database::schema::Schema,
+    type_def: &crate::database::r#type::Type,
+    parent_alias: &str,
+    prop_name: Option<&str>,
+    is_array: bool,
+    filter_keys: &[String],
+    is_stem_query: bool,
+    depth: usize,
+    current_path: String,
+  ) -> Result<(String, String), String> {
+    let local_ctx = format!("{}_{}", parent_alias, prop_name.unwrap_or("obj"));
+
+    // 1. Build FROM clauses and table aliases
+    let (table_aliases, from_clauses) = self.build_hierarchy_from_clauses(type_def, &local_ctx);
+
+    // 2. Map properties and build jsonb_build_object args
+    let select_args = self.map_properties_to_aliases(
+      schema,
+      type_def,
+      &table_aliases,
+      parent_alias,
+      filter_keys,
+      is_stem_query,
+      depth,
+      &current_path,
+    )?;
+
+    let jsonb_obj_sql = if select_args.is_empty() {
+      "jsonb_build_object()".to_string()
+    } else {
+      format!("jsonb_build_object({})", select_args.join(", "))
+    };
+
+    // 3. Build WHERE clauses
+    let where_clauses = self.build_filter_where_clauses(
+      schema,
+      type_def,
+      &table_aliases,
+      parent_alias,
+      prop_name,
+      filter_keys,
+      &current_path,
+    )?;
+
+    let selection = if is_array {
+      format!("COALESCE(jsonb_agg({}), '[]'::jsonb)", jsonb_obj_sql)
+    } else {
+      jsonb_obj_sql
+    };
+
+    let full_sql = format!(
+      "(SELECT {} FROM {} WHERE {})",
+      selection,
+      from_clauses.join(" "),
+      where_clauses.join(" AND ")
+    );
+
+    Ok((
+      full_sql,
+      if is_array {
+        "array".to_string()
+      } else {
+        "object".to_string()
+      },
+    ))
+  }
+
+  fn build_hierarchy_from_clauses(
+    &self,
+    type_def: &crate::database::r#type::Type,
+    local_ctx: &str,
+  ) -> (std::collections::HashMap<String, String>, Vec<String>) {
+    let mut table_aliases = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+    let mut from_clauses = Vec::new();
+
+    for (i, table_name) in type_def.hierarchy.iter().enumerate() {
+      let alias = format!("{}_t{}", local_ctx, i + 1);
+      table_aliases.insert(table_name.clone(), alias.clone());
+
+      if i == 0 {
+        from_clauses.push(format!("agreego.{} {}", table_name, alias));
+      } else {
+        let prev_alias = format!("{}_t{}", local_ctx, i);
+        from_clauses.push(format!(
+          "JOIN agreego.{} {} ON {}.id = {}.id",
+          table_name, alias, alias, prev_alias
+        ));
+      }
+    }
+    (table_aliases, from_clauses)
+  }
+
+  fn map_properties_to_aliases(
+    &self,
+    schema: &crate::database::schema::Schema,
+    type_def: &crate::database::r#type::Type,
+    table_aliases: &std::collections::HashMap<String, String>,
+    parent_alias: &str,
+    filter_keys: &[String],
+    is_stem_query: bool,
+    depth: usize,
+    current_path: &str,
+  ) -> Result<Vec<String>, String> {
+    let mut select_args = Vec::new();
+    let grouped_fields = type_def.grouped_fields.as_ref().and_then(|v| v.as_object());
+    let merged_props = self.get_merged_properties(schema);
+
+    for (prop_key, prop_schema) in &merged_props {
+      let mut owner_alias = table_aliases
+        .get("entity")
+        .cloned()
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| format!("{}_t_err", parent_alias));
+
+      if let Some(gf) = grouped_fields {
+        for (t_name, fields_val) in gf {
+          if let Some(fields_arr) = fields_val.as_array() {
+            if fields_arr.iter().any(|v| v.as_str() == Some(prop_key)) {
+              owner_alias = table_aliases
+                .get(t_name)
+                .cloned()
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| parent_alias.to_string());
+              break;
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      let next_path = if current_path.is_empty() {
+        prop_key.clone()
+      } else {
+        format!("{}.{}", current_path, prop_key)
+      };
+
+      let (val_sql, val_type) = self.walk_schema(
+        prop_schema,
+        &owner_alias,
+        Some(prop_key),
+        filter_keys,
+        is_stem_query,
+        depth + 1,
+        next_path,
+      )?;
+
+      if val_type != "abort" {
+        select_args.push(format!("'{}', {}", prop_key, val_sql));
+      }
+    }
+    Ok(select_args)
+  }
+
+  fn build_filter_where_clauses(
+    &self,
+    schema: &crate::database::schema::Schema,
+    type_def: &crate::database::r#type::Type,
+    table_aliases: &std::collections::HashMap<String, String>,
+    parent_alias: &str,
+    prop_name: Option<&str>,
+    filter_keys: &[String],
+    current_path: &str,
+  ) -> Result<Vec<String>, String> {
+    let base_alias = table_aliases
+      .get(&type_def.name)
+      .cloned()
+      .unwrap_or_else(|| "err".to_string());
+
+    let mut where_clauses = Vec::new();
+    where_clauses.push(format!("NOT {}.archived", base_alias));
+
+    for (i, filter_key) in filter_keys.iter().enumerate() {
+      let mut parts = filter_key.split(':');
+      let full_field_path = parts.next().unwrap_or(filter_key);
+      let op = parts.next().unwrap_or("$eq");
+
+      let field_name = if current_path.is_empty() {
+        if full_field_path.contains('.') || full_field_path.contains('#') {
+          continue;
+        }
+        full_field_path
+      } else {
+        let prefix = format!("{}.", current_path);
+        if full_field_path.starts_with(&prefix) {
+          let remainder = &full_field_path[prefix.len()..];
+          if remainder.contains('.') || remainder.contains('#') {
+            continue;
+          }
+          remainder
+        } else {
+          continue;
+        }
+      };
+
+      let mut filter_alias = base_alias.clone();
+
+      if let Some(gf) = type_def.grouped_fields.as_ref().and_then(|v| v.as_object()) {
+          for (t_name, fields_val) in gf {
+            if let Some(fields_arr) = fields_val.as_array() {
+              if fields_arr.iter().any(|v| v.as_str() == Some(field_name)) {
+                filter_alias = table_aliases
+                  .get(t_name)
+                  .cloned()
+                  .unwrap_or_else(|| base_alias.clone());
+                break;
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+
+        let mut is_ilike = false;
+        let mut cast = "";
+
+        if let Some(field_types) = type_def.field_types.as_ref().and_then(|v| v.as_object()) {
+          if let Some(pg_type_val) = field_types.get(field_name) {
+            if let Some(pg_type) = pg_type_val.as_str() {
+              if pg_type == "uuid" {
+                cast = "::uuid";
+              } else if pg_type == "boolean" || pg_type == "bool" {
+                cast = "::boolean";
+              } else if pg_type.contains("timestamp")
+                || pg_type == "timestamptz"
+                || pg_type == "date"
+              {
+                cast = "::timestamptz";
+              } else if pg_type == "numeric"
+                || pg_type.contains("int")
+                || pg_type == "real"
+                || pg_type == "double precision"
+              {
+                cast = "::numeric";
+              } else if pg_type == "text" || pg_type.contains("char") {
+                let mut is_enum = false;
+                if let Some(props) = &schema.obj.properties {
+                  if let Some(ps) = props.get(field_name) {
+                    is_enum = ps.obj.enum_.is_some();
+                  }
+                }
+                if !is_enum {
+                  is_ilike = true;
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+
+        let param_index = i + 1;
+        let p_val = format!("${}#>>'{{}}'", param_index);
+
+        if op == "$in" || op == "$nin" {
+          let sql_op = if op == "$in" { "IN" } else { "NOT IN" };
+          let subquery = format!(
+            "(SELECT value{} FROM jsonb_array_elements_text(({})::jsonb))",
+            cast, p_val
+          );
+          where_clauses.push(format!(
+            "{}.{} {} {}",
+            filter_alias, field_name, sql_op, subquery
+          ));
+        } else {
+          let sql_op = match op {
+            "$eq" => {
+              if is_ilike {
+                "ILIKE"
+              } else {
+                "="
+              }
+            }
+            "$ne" => {
+              if is_ilike {
+                "NOT ILIKE"
+              } else {
+                "!="
+              }
+            }
+            "$gt" => ">",
+            "$gte" => ">=",
+            "$lt" => "<",
+            "$lte" => "<=",
+            _ => {
+              if is_ilike {
+                "ILIKE"
+              } else {
+                "="
+              }
+            }
+          };
+
+          let param_sql = if is_ilike && (op == "$eq" || op == "$ne") {
+            p_val
+          } else {
+            format!("({}){}", p_val, cast)
+          };
+
+          where_clauses.push(format!(
+            "{}.{} {} {}",
+            filter_alias, field_name, sql_op, param_sql
+          ));
+      }
+    }
+
+    if let Some(_prop) = prop_name {
+      where_clauses.push(format!("{}.parent_id = {}.id", base_alias, parent_alias));
+    }
+
+    Ok(where_clauses)
+  }
+
+  fn compile_inline_object(
+    &self,
+    props: &std::collections::BTreeMap<String, std::sync::Arc<crate::database::schema::Schema>>,
+    parent_alias: &str,
+    filter_keys: &[String],
+    is_stem_query: bool,
+    depth: usize,
+    current_path: String,
+  ) -> Result<(String, String), String> {
+    let mut build_args = Vec::new();
+    for (k, v) in props {
+      let next_path = if current_path.is_empty() {
+        k.clone()
+      } else {
+        format!("{}.{}", current_path, k)
+      };
+      
+      let (child_sql, val_type) = self.walk_schema(
+        v,
+        parent_alias,
+        Some(k),
+        filter_keys,
+        is_stem_query,
+        depth + 1,
+        next_path,
+      )?;
+      if val_type == "abort" {
+        continue;
+      }
+      build_args.push(format!("'{}', {}", k, child_sql));
+    }
+    let combined = format!("jsonb_build_object({})", build_args.join(", "));
+    Ok((combined, "object".to_string()))
+  }
+}

src/queryer/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+use crate::database::Database;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+pub mod compiler;
+
+use dashmap::DashMap;
+
+pub struct Queryer {
+  pub db: Arc<Database>,
+  cache: DashMap<String, String>,
+}
+
+impl Queryer {
+  pub fn new(db: Arc<Database>) -> Self {
+    Self {
+      db,
+      cache: DashMap::new(),
+    }
+  }
+
+  pub fn query(
+    &self,
+    schema_id: &str,
+    stem_opt: Option<&str>,
+    filters: Option<&serde_json::Value>,
+  ) -> crate::drop::Drop {
+    let filters_map = filters.and_then(|f| f.as_object());
+
+    // 1. Process filters into structured $op keys and linear values
+    let (filter_keys, args) = match self.parse_filter_entries(filters_map) {
+      Ok(res) => res,
+      Err(msg) => {
+        return crate::drop::Drop::with_errors(vec![crate::drop::Error {
+          code: "FILTER_PARSE_FAILED".to_string(),
+          message: msg,
+          details: crate::drop::ErrorDetails {
+            path: schema_id.to_string(),
+          },
+        }]);
+      }
+    };
+
+    let stem_key = stem_opt.unwrap_or("/");
+    let cache_key = format!("{}(Stem:{}):{}", schema_id, stem_key, filter_keys.join(","));
+
+    // 2. Fetch from cache or compile
+    let sql = match self.get_or_compile_sql(&cache_key, schema_id, stem_opt, &filter_keys) {
+      Ok(sql) => sql,
+      Err(drop) => return drop,
+    };
+
+    // 3. Execute via Database Executor
+    self.execute_sql(schema_id, &sql, &args)
+  }
+
+  fn parse_filter_entries(
+    &self,
+    filters_map: Option<&serde_json::Map<String, serde_json::Value>>,
+  ) -> Result<(Vec<String>, Vec<serde_json::Value>), String> {
+    let mut filter_entries: Vec<(String, serde_json::Value)> = Vec::new();
+    if let Some(fm) = filters_map {
+      for (key, val) in fm {
+        if let Some(obj) = val.as_object() {
+          for (op, op_val) in obj {
+            if !op.starts_with('$') {
+              return Err(format!("Filter operator must start with '$', got: {}", op));
+            }
+            filter_entries.push((format!("{}:{}", key, op), op_val.clone()));
+          }
+        } else {
+          return Err(format!(
+            "Filter for field '{}' must be an object with operators like $eq, $in, etc.",
+            key
+          ));
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    filter_entries.sort_by(|a, b| a.0.cmp(&b.0));
+
+    let filter_keys: Vec<String> = filter_entries.iter().map(|(k, _)| k.clone()).collect();
+    let args: Vec<serde_json::Value> = filter_entries.into_iter().map(|(_, v)| v).collect();
+
+    Ok((filter_keys, args))
+  }
+
+  fn get_or_compile_sql(
+    &self,
+    cache_key: &str,
+    schema_id: &str,
+    stem_opt: Option<&str>,
+    filter_keys: &[String],
+  ) -> Result<String, crate::drop::Drop> {
+    if let Some(cached_sql) = self.cache.get(cache_key) {
+      return Ok(cached_sql.value().clone());
+    }
+
+    let compiler = compiler::SqlCompiler::new(self.db.clone());
+    match compiler.compile(schema_id, stem_opt, filter_keys) {
+      Ok(compiled_sql) => {
+        self
+          .cache
+          .insert(cache_key.to_string(), compiled_sql.clone());
+        Ok(compiled_sql)
+      }
+      Err(e) => Err(crate::drop::Drop::with_errors(vec![crate::drop::Error {
+        code: "QUERY_COMPILATION_FAILED".to_string(),
+        message: e,
+        details: crate::drop::ErrorDetails {
+          path: schema_id.to_string(),
+        },
+      }])),
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn execute_sql(
+    &self,
+    schema_id: &str,
+    sql: &str,
+    args: &[serde_json::Value],
+  ) -> crate::drop::Drop {
+    match self.db.query(sql, Some(args)) {
+      Ok(serde_json::Value::Array(table)) => {
+        if table.is_empty() {
+          crate::drop::Drop::success_with_val(serde_json::Value::Null)
+        } else {
+          crate::drop::Drop::success_with_val(table.first().unwrap().clone())
+        }
+      }
+      Ok(other) => crate::drop::Drop::with_errors(vec![crate::drop::Error {
+        code: "QUERY_FAILED".to_string(),
+        message: format!("Expected array from generic query, got: {:?}", other),
+        details: crate::drop::ErrorDetails {
+          path: schema_id.to_string(),
+        },
+      }]),
+      Err(e) => crate::drop::Drop::with_errors(vec![crate::drop::Error {
+        code: "QUERY_FAILED".to_string(),
+        message: format!("SPI error in queryer: {}", e),
+        details: crate::drop::ErrorDetails {
+          path: schema_id.to_string(),
+        },
+      }]),
+    }
+  }
+}

src/tests/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+use crate::*;
+pub mod runner;
+pub mod types;
+use serde_json::json;
+
+// Database module tests moved to src/database/executors/mock.rs
+
+#[test]
+fn test_library_api() {
+  // 1. Initially, schemas are not cached.
+
+  // Expected uninitialized drop format: errors + null response
+  let uninitialized_drop = jspg_validate("test_schema", JsonB(json!({})));
+  assert_eq!(
+    uninitialized_drop.0,
+    json!({
+        "type": "drop",
+        "errors": [{
+            "code": "ENGINE_NOT_INITIALIZED",
+            "message": "JSPG extension has not been initialized via jspg_setup",
+            "details": { "path": "" }
+        }]
+    })
+  );
+
+  // 2. Cache schemas
+  let db_json = json!({
+      "puncs": [],
+      "enums": [],
+      "relations": [],
+      "types": [{
+          "schemas": [{
+              "$id": "test_schema",
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                  "name": { "type": "string" }
+              },
+              "required": ["name"]
+          }]
+      }]
+  });
+
+  let cache_drop = jspg_setup(JsonB(db_json));
+  assert_eq!(
+    cache_drop.0,
+    json!({
+        "type": "drop",
+        "response": "success"
+    })
+  );
+
+  // 4. Validate Happy Path
+  let happy_drop = jspg_validate("test_schema", JsonB(json!({"name": "Neo"})));
+  assert_eq!(
+    happy_drop.0,
+    json!({
+        "type": "drop",
+        "response": "success"
+    })
+  );
+
+  // 5. Validate Unhappy Path
+  let unhappy_drop = jspg_validate("test_schema", JsonB(json!({"wrong": "data"})));
+  assert_eq!(
+    unhappy_drop.0,
+    json!({
+        "type": "drop",
+        "errors": [
+            {
+                "code": "REQUIRED_FIELD_MISSING",
+                "message": "Missing name",
+                "details": { "path": "/name" }
+            },
+            {
+                "code": "STRICT_PROPERTY_VIOLATION",
+                "message": "Unexpected property 'wrong'",
+                "details": { "path": "/wrong" }
+            }
+        ]
+    })
+  );
+
+  // 6. Clear Schemas
+  let clear_drop = jspg_teardown();
+  assert_eq!(
+    clear_drop.0,
+    json!({
+        "type": "drop",
+        "response": "success"
+    })
+  );
+}
+
+include!("fixtures.rs");

src/tests/runner.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::fs;
+use std::sync::{Arc, OnceLock, RwLock};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
+pub struct TestSuite {
+  #[allow(dead_code)]
+  pub description: String,
+  pub database: serde_json::Value,
+  pub tests: Vec<TestCase>,
+}
+
+use crate::tests::types::TestCase;
+use serde_json::Value;
+
+pub fn deserialize_some<'de, D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Option<Value>, D::Error>
+where
+  D: serde::Deserializer<'de>,
+{
+  let v = Value::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+  Ok(Some(v))
+}
+
+// Type alias for easier reading
+type CompiledSuite = Arc<Vec<(TestSuite, Arc<crate::database::Database>)>>;
+
+// Global cache mapping filename -> Vector of (Parsed JSON suite, Compiled Database)
+static CACHE: OnceLock<RwLock<HashMap<String, CompiledSuite>>> = OnceLock::new();
+
+fn get_cached_file(path: &str) -> CompiledSuite {
+  let cache_lock = CACHE.get_or_init(|| RwLock::new(HashMap::new()));
+
+  let file_data = {
+    let read_guard = cache_lock.read().unwrap();
+    read_guard.get(path).cloned()
+  };
+
+  match file_data {
+    Some(data) => data,
+    None => {
+      let mut write_guard = cache_lock.write().unwrap();
+      // double check in case another thread compiled while we waited for lock
+      if let Some(data) = write_guard.get(path) {
+        data.clone()
+      } else {
+        let content =
+          fs::read_to_string(path).unwrap_or_else(|_| panic!("Failed to read file: {}", path));
+        let suites: Vec<TestSuite> = serde_json::from_str(&content)
+          .unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("Failed to parse JSON in {}: {}", path, e));
+
+        let mut compiled_suites = Vec::new();
+        for suite in suites {
+          let db_result = crate::database::Database::new(&suite.database);
+          if let Err(drop) = db_result {
+            let error_messages: Vec<String> = drop
+              .errors
+              .into_iter()
+              .map(|e| format!("Error {} at path {}: {}", e.code, e.details.path, e.message))
+              .collect();
+            panic!(
+              "System Setup Compilation failed for {}:\n{}",
+              path,
+              error_messages.join("\n")
+            );
+          }
+          compiled_suites.push((suite, Arc::new(db_result.unwrap())));
+        }
+
+        let new_data = Arc::new(compiled_suites);
+        write_guard.insert(path.to_string(), new_data.clone());
+        new_data
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+pub fn run_test_case(path: &str, suite_idx: usize, case_idx: usize) -> Result<(), String> {
+  let file_data = get_cached_file(path);
+
+  if suite_idx >= file_data.len() {
+    panic!("Suite Index {} out of bounds for file {}", suite_idx, path);
+  }
+
+  let (group, db) = &file_data[suite_idx];
+
+  if case_idx >= group.tests.len() {
+    panic!(
+      "Case Index {} out of bounds for suite {} in file {}",
+      case_idx, suite_idx, path
+    );
+  }
+
+  let test = &group.tests[case_idx];
+  let mut failures = Vec::<String>::new();
+
+  // 4. Run Tests
+
+  match test.action.as_str() {
+    "compile" => {
+      let result = test.run_compile(db.clone());
+      if let Err(e) = result {
+        println!("TEST COMPILE ERROR FOR '{}': {}", test.description, e);
+        failures.push(format!(
+          "[{}] Compile Test '{}' failed. Error: {}",
+          group.description, test.description, e
+        ));
+      }
+    }
+    "validate" => {
+      let result = test.run_validate(db.clone());
+      if let Err(e) = result {
+        println!("TEST VALIDATE ERROR FOR '{}': {}", test.description, e);
+        failures.push(format!(
+          "[{}] Validate Test '{}' failed. Error: {}",
+          group.description, test.description, e
+        ));
+      }
+    }
+    "merge" => {
+      let result = test.run_merge(db.clone());
+      if let Err(e) = result {
+        println!("TEST MERGE ERROR FOR '{}': {}", test.description, e);
+        failures.push(format!(
+          "[{}] Merge Test '{}' failed. Error: {}",
+          group.description, test.description, e
+        ));
+      }
+    }
+    "query" => {
+      let result = test.run_query(db.clone());
+      if let Err(e) = result {
+        println!("TEST QUERY ERROR FOR '{}': {}", test.description, e);
+        failures.push(format!(
+          "[{}] Query Test '{}' failed. Error: {}",
+          group.description, test.description, e
+        ));
+      }
+    }
+    _ => {
+      failures.push(format!(
+        "[{}] Unknown action '{}' for test '{}'",
+        group.description, test.action, test.description
+      ));
+    }
+  }
+
+  if !failures.is_empty() {
+    return Err(failures.join("\n"));
+  }
+
+  Ok(())
+}

src/tests/types/case.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+use super::expect::ExpectBlock;
+use crate::database::Database;
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use serde_json::Value;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
+pub struct TestCase {
+  pub description: String,
+
+  #[serde(default = "default_action")]
+  pub action: String, // "validate", "merge", or "query"
+
+  // For Validate & Query
+  #[serde(default)]
+  pub schema_id: String,
+
+  // For Query
+  #[serde(default)]
+  pub stem: Option<String>,
+
+  #[serde(default)]
+  pub filters: Option<serde_json::Value>,
+
+  // For Merge & Validate
+  #[serde(default)]
+  pub data: Option<serde_json::Value>,
+
+  // For Merge & Query mocks
+  #[serde(default)]
+  pub mocks: Option<serde_json::Value>,
+
+  pub expect: Option<ExpectBlock>,
+}
+
+fn default_action() -> String {
+  "validate".to_string()
+}
+
+impl TestCase {
+  pub fn run_compile(&self, db: Arc<Database>) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let expected_success = self.expect.as_ref().map(|e| e.success).unwrap_or(false);
+
+    // We assume db has already been setup and compiled successfully by runner.rs's `jspg_setup`
+    // We just need to check if there are compilation errors vs expected success
+    let got_success = true; // Setup ensures success unless setup fails, which runner handles
+
+    if expected_success != got_success {
+      return Err(format!(
+        "Expected success: {}, Got: {}",
+        expected_success, got_success
+      ));
+    }
+
+    // Assert stems
+    if let Some(expect) = &self.expect {
+      if let Some(expected_stems) = &expect.stems {
+        // Convert the Db stems (HashMap<String, HashMap<String, Arc<Stem>>>) to matching JSON shape
+        let db_stems_json = serde_json::to_value(&db.stems).unwrap();
+        let expect_stems_json = serde_json::to_value(expected_stems).unwrap();
+
+        if db_stems_json != expect_stems_json {
+          let expected_pretty = serde_json::to_string_pretty(&expect_stems_json).unwrap();
+          let got_pretty = serde_json::to_string_pretty(&db_stems_json).unwrap();
+          return Err(format!(
+            "Stem validation failed.\nExpected:\n{}\n\nGot:\n{}",
+            expected_pretty, got_pretty
+          ));
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+  }
+
+  pub fn run_validate(&self, db: Arc<Database>) -> Result<(), String> {
+    use crate::validator::Validator;
+
+    let validator = Validator::new(db);
+
+    let expected_success = self.expect.as_ref().map(|e| e.success).unwrap_or(false);
+
+    let schema_id = &self.schema_id;
+    if !validator.db.schemas.contains_key(schema_id) {
+      return Err(format!(
+        "Missing Schema: Cannot find schema ID '{}'",
+        schema_id
+      ));
+    }
+
+    let test_data = self.data.clone().unwrap_or(Value::Null);
+    let result = validator.validate(schema_id, &test_data);
+
+    let got_valid = result.errors.is_empty();
+
+    if got_valid != expected_success {
+      let error_msg = if result.errors.is_empty() {
+        "None".to_string()
+      } else {
+        format!("{:?}", result.errors)
+      };
+
+      return Err(format!(
+        "Expected: {}, Got: {}. Errors: {}",
+        expected_success, got_valid, error_msg
+      ));
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+  }
+
+  pub fn run_merge(&self, db: Arc<Database>) -> Result<(), String> {
+    if let Some(mocks) = &self.mocks {
+      if let Some(arr) = mocks.as_array() {
+        db.executor.set_mocks(arr.clone());
+      }
+    }
+
+    use crate::merger::Merger;
+    let merger = Merger::new(db.clone());
+
+    let test_data = self.data.clone().unwrap_or(Value::Null);
+    let result = merger.merge(test_data);
+
+    let expected_success = self.expect.as_ref().map(|e| e.success).unwrap_or(false);
+    let got_success = result.errors.is_empty();
+
+    let error_msg = if result.errors.is_empty() {
+      "None".to_string()
+    } else {
+      format!("{:?}", result.errors)
+    };
+
+    let return_val = if expected_success != got_success {
+      Err(format!(
+        "Merge Expected: {}, Got: {}. Errors: {}",
+        expected_success, got_success, error_msg
+      ))
+    } else if let Some(expect) = &self.expect {
+      let queries = db.executor.get_queries();
+      expect.assert_sql(&queries)
+    } else {
+      Ok(())
+    };
+
+    db.executor.reset_mocks();
+    return_val
+  }
+
+  pub fn run_query(&self, db: Arc<Database>) -> Result<(), String> {
+    if let Some(mocks) = &self.mocks {
+      if let Some(arr) = mocks.as_array() {
+        db.executor.set_mocks(arr.clone());
+      }
+    }
+
+    use crate::queryer::Queryer;
+    let queryer = Queryer::new(db.clone());
+
+    let stem_opt = self.stem.as_deref();
+    let result = queryer.query(&self.schema_id, stem_opt, self.filters.as_ref());
+
+    let expected_success = self.expect.as_ref().map(|e| e.success).unwrap_or(false);
+    let got_success = result.errors.is_empty();
+
+    let error_msg = if result.errors.is_empty() {
+      "None".to_string()
+    } else {
+      format!("{:?}", result.errors)
+    };
+
+    let return_val = if expected_success != got_success {
+      Err(format!(
+        "Query Expected: {}, Got: {}. Errors: {}",
+        expected_success, got_success, error_msg
+      ))
+    } else if let Some(expect) = &self.expect {
+      let queries = db.executor.get_queries();
+      expect.assert_sql(&queries)
+    } else {
+      Ok(())
+    };
+
+    db.executor.reset_mocks();
+    return_val
+  }
+}

src/tests/types/expect.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+use regex::Regex;
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(untagged)]
+pub enum SqlExpectation {
+  Single(String),
+  Multi(Vec<String>),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
+pub struct ExpectBlock {
+  pub success: bool,
+  pub result: Option<serde_json::Value>,
+  pub errors: Option<Vec<serde_json::Value>>,
+  pub stems: Option<HashMap<String, HashMap<String, serde_json::Value>>>,
+  #[serde(default)]
+  pub sql: Option<Vec<SqlExpectation>>,
+}
+
+impl ExpectBlock {
+  /// Advanced SQL execution assertion algorithm ported from `assert.go`.
+  /// This compares two arrays of strings, one containing {{uuid:name}} or {{timestamp}} placeholders,
+  /// and the other containing actual executed database queries. It ensures that placeholder UUIDs
+  /// are consistently mapped to the same actual UUIDs across all lines, and strictly validates line-by-line sequences.
+  pub fn assert_sql(&self, actual: &[String]) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let patterns = match &self.sql {
+      Some(s) => s,
+      None => return Ok(()),
+    };
+
+    if patterns.len() != actual.len() {
+      return Err(format!(
+        "Length mismatch: expected {} SQL executions, got {}.\nActual Execution Log:\n{}",
+        patterns.len(),
+        actual.len(),
+        actual.join("\n")
+      ));
+    }
+
+    let ws_re = Regex::new(r"\s+").unwrap();
+
+    let types = HashMap::from([
+      (
+        "uuid",
+        r"[0-9a-f]{8}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{12}",
+      ),
+      (
+        "timestamp",
+        r"\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}(?:[ T])\d{2}:\d{2}:\d{2}(?:\.\d{1,6})?(?:Z|\+\d{2}(?::\d{2})?)?",
+      ),
+      ("integer", r"-?\d+"),
+      ("float", r"-?\d+\.\d+"),
+      ("text", r"(?:''|[^'])*"),
+      ("json", r"(?:''|[^'])*"),
+    ]);
+
+    let mut seen: HashMap<String, String> = HashMap::new();
+    let system_uuid = "00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000";
+
+    // Placeholder regex: {{type:name}} or {{type}}
+    let ph_rx = Regex::new(r"\{\{([a-z]+)(?:[:]([^}]+))?\}\}").unwrap();
+
+    let clean_str = |s: &str| -> String {
+      let mut s = ws_re.replace_all(s, " ").into_owned();
+      for token in ["(", ")", ",", "{", "}", "\"", "=", "'"] {
+        s = s.replace(&format!(" {}", token), token);
+        s = s.replace(&format!("{} ", token), token);
+      }
+      s.trim().to_string()
+    };
+
+    for (i, pattern_expect) in patterns.iter().enumerate() {
+      let aline_raw = &actual[i];
+      let aline = clean_str(aline_raw);
+
+      let pattern_str_raw = match pattern_expect {
+        SqlExpectation::Single(s) => s.clone(),
+        SqlExpectation::Multi(m) => m.join(" "),
+      };
+
+      let pattern_str = clean_str(&pattern_str_raw);
+
+      let mut pp = regex::escape(&pattern_str);
+      pp = pp.replace(r"\{\{", "{{").replace(r"\}\}", "}}");
+
+      let mut cap_names = HashMap::new(); // cg_X -> var_name
+      let mut group_idx = 0;
+
+      let mut final_rx_str = String::new();
+      let mut last_match = 0;
+
+      let pp_clone = pp.clone();
+      for caps in ph_rx.captures_iter(&pp_clone) {
+        let full_match = caps.get(0).unwrap();
+        final_rx_str.push_str(&pp[last_match..full_match.start()]);
+
+        let type_name = caps.get(1).unwrap().as_str();
+        let var_name = caps.get(2).map(|m| m.as_str());
+
+        if let Some(name) = var_name {
+          if let Some(val) = seen.get(name) {
+            final_rx_str.push_str(&regex::escape(val));
+          } else {
+            let type_pattern = types.get(type_name).unwrap_or(&".*?");
+            let cg_name = format!("cg_{}", group_idx);
+            final_rx_str.push_str(&format!("(?P<{}>{})", cg_name, type_pattern));
+            cap_names.insert(cg_name, name.to_string());
+            group_idx += 1;
+          }
+        } else {
+          let type_pattern = types.get(type_name).unwrap_or(&".*?");
+          final_rx_str.push_str(&format!("(?:{})", type_pattern));
+        }
+
+        last_match = full_match.end();
+      }
+      final_rx_str.push_str(&pp[last_match..]);
+
+      let final_rx = match Regex::new(&format!("^{}$", final_rx_str)) {
+        Ok(r) => r,
+        Err(e) => return Err(format!("Bad constructed regex: {} -> {}", final_rx_str, e)),
+      };
+
+      if let Some(captures) = final_rx.captures(&aline) {
+        for (cg_name, var_name) in cap_names {
+          if let Some(m) = captures.name(&cg_name) {
+            let matched_str = m.as_str();
+            if matched_str != system_uuid {
+              seen.insert(var_name, matched_str.to_string());
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      } else {
+        return Err(format!(
+          "Line mismatched at execution sequence {}.\nExpected Pattern: {}\nActual SQL: {}\nRegex used: {}\nVariables Mapped: {:?}",
+          i + 1,
+          pattern_str,
+          aline,
+          final_rx_str,
+          seen
+        ));
+      }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+  }
+}

src/tests/types/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+pub mod case;
+pub mod expect;
+pub mod suite;
+
+pub use case::TestCase;
+pub use expect::ExpectBlock;
+pub use suite::TestSuite;

src/tests/types/suite.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+use super::case::TestCase;
+use serde::Deserialize;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
+pub struct TestSuite {
+  #[allow(dead_code)]
+  pub description: String,
+  pub database: serde_json::Value,
+  pub tests: Vec<TestCase>,
+}

src/validator/context.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+use crate::database::Database;
+use crate::database::schema::Schema;
+use crate::validator::error::ValidationError;
+use crate::validator::result::ValidationResult;
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+pub struct ValidationContext<'a> {
+  pub db: &'a Arc<Database>,
+  pub root: &'a Schema,
+  pub schema: &'a Schema,
+  pub instance: &'a serde_json::Value,
+  pub path: String,
+  pub depth: usize,
+  pub extensible: bool,
+  pub reporter: bool,
+  pub overrides: HashSet<String>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> ValidationContext<'a> {
+  pub fn new(
+    db: &'a Arc<Database>,
+    root: &'a Schema,
+    schema: &'a Schema,
+    instance: &'a serde_json::Value,
+    overrides: HashSet<String>,
+    extensible: bool,
+    reporter: bool,
+  ) -> Self {
+    let effective_extensible = schema.extensible.unwrap_or(extensible);
+    Self {
+      db,
+      root,
+      schema,
+      instance,
+      path: String::new(),
+      depth: 0,
+      extensible: effective_extensible,
+      reporter,
+      overrides,
+    }
+  }
+
+  pub fn derive(
+    &self,
+    schema: &'a Schema,
+    instance: &'a serde_json::Value,
+    path: &str,
+    overrides: HashSet<String>,
+    extensible: bool,
+    reporter: bool,
+  ) -> Self {
+    let effective_extensible = schema.extensible.unwrap_or(extensible);
+
+    Self {
+      db: self.db,
+      root: self.root,
+      schema,
+      instance,
+      path: path.to_string(),
+      depth: self.depth + 1,
+      extensible: effective_extensible,
+      reporter,
+      overrides,
+    }
+  }
+
+  pub fn derive_for_schema(&self, schema: &'a Schema, reporter: bool) -> Self {
+    self.derive(
+      schema,
+      self.instance,
+      &self.path,
+      HashSet::new(),
+      self.extensible,
+      reporter,
+    )
+  }
+
+  pub fn validate(&self) -> Result<ValidationResult, ValidationError> {
+    self.validate_scoped()
+  }
+}

src/validator/error.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, serde::Serialize)]
+pub struct ValidationError {
+  pub code: String,
+  pub message: String,
+  pub path: String,
+}

src/validator/instance.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+use serde_json::Value;
+use HashSet;
+use std::ptr::NonNull;
+
+pub trait ValidationInstance<'a>: Copy + Clone {
+  fn as_value(&self) -> &'a Value;
+  fn child_at_key(&self, key: &str) -> Option<Self>;
+  fn child_at_index(&self, idx: usize) -> Option<Self>;
+  fn prune_object(&self, _keys: &HashSet<String>) {}
+  fn prune_array(&self, _indices: &HashSet<usize>) {}
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct ReadOnlyInstance<'a>(pub &'a Value);
+
+impl<'a> ValidationInstance<'a> for ReadOnlyInstance<'a> {
+  fn as_value(&self) -> &'a Value {
+    self.0
+  }
+
+  fn child_at_key(&self, key: &str) -> Option<Self> {
+    self.0.get(key).map(ReadOnlyInstance)
+  }
+
+  fn child_at_index(&self, idx: usize) -> Option<Self> {
+    self.0.get(idx).map(ReadOnlyInstance)
+  }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct MutableInstance {
+  ptr: NonNull<Value>,
+}
+
+impl MutableInstance {
+  pub fn new(val: &mut Value) -> Self {
+    Self {
+      ptr: NonNull::from(val),
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+impl<'a> ValidationInstance<'a> for MutableInstance {
+  fn as_value(&self) -> &'a Value {
+    unsafe { self.ptr.as_ref() }
+  }
+
+  fn child_at_key(&self, key: &str) -> Option<Self> {
+    unsafe {
+      if let Some(obj) = self.ptr.as_ref().as_object() {
+        if obj.contains_key(key) {
+          let parent_mut = &mut *self.ptr.as_ptr();
+          if let Some(child_val) = parent_mut.get_mut(key) {
+            return Some(MutableInstance::new(child_val));
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      None
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn child_at_index(&self, idx: usize) -> Option<Self> {
+    unsafe {
+      if let Some(arr) = self.ptr.as_ref().as_array() {
+        if idx < arr.len() {
+          let parent_mut = &mut *self.ptr.as_ptr();
+          if let Some(child_val) = parent_mut.get_mut(idx) {
+            return Some(MutableInstance::new(child_val));
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      None
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn prune_object(&self, keys: &HashSet<String>) {
+    unsafe {
+      let val_mut = &mut *self.ptr.as_ptr();
+      if let Some(obj) = val_mut.as_object_mut() {
+        obj.retain(|k, _| keys.contains(k));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn prune_array(&self, indices: &HashSet<usize>) {
+    unsafe {
+      let val_mut = &mut *self.ptr.as_ptr();
+      if let Some(arr) = val_mut.as_array_mut() {
+        let mut i = 0;
+        arr.retain(|_| {
+          let keep = indices.contains(&i);
+          i += 1;
+          keep
+        });
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}

src/validator/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+
+pub mod context;
+pub mod error;
+pub mod result;
+pub mod rules;
+
+pub use context::ValidationContext;
+pub use error::ValidationError;
+pub use result::ValidationResult;
+
+use crate::database::Database;
+use crate::validator::rules::util::is_integer;
+use serde_json::Value;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+pub struct Validator {
+  pub db: Arc<Database>,
+}
+
+impl Validator {
+  pub fn new(db: Arc<Database>) -> Self {
+    Self { db }
+  }
+
+  pub fn get_schema_ids(&self) -> Vec<String> {
+    self.db.schemas.keys().cloned().collect()
+  }
+
+  pub fn check_type(t: &str, val: &Value) -> bool {
+    if let Value::String(s) = val
+      && s.is_empty()
+    {
+      return true;
+    }
+    match t {
+      "null" => val.is_null(),
+      "boolean" => val.is_boolean(),
+      "string" => val.is_string(),
+      "number" => val.is_number(),
+      "integer" => is_integer(val),
+      "object" => val.is_object(),
+      "array" => val.is_array(),
+      _ => true,
+    }
+  }
+
+  pub fn validate(&self, schema_id: &str, instance: &Value) -> crate::drop::Drop {
+    if let Some(schema) = self.db.schemas.get(schema_id) {
+      let ctx = ValidationContext::new(
+        &self.db,
+        schema,
+        schema,
+        instance,
+        HashSet::new(),
+        false,
+        false,
+      );
+      match ctx.validate_scoped() {
+        Ok(result) => {
+          if result.is_valid() {
+            crate::drop::Drop::success()
+          } else {
+            let errors: Vec<crate::drop::Error> = result
+              .errors
+              .into_iter()
+              .map(|e| crate::drop::Error {
+                code: e.code,
+                message: e.message,
+                details: crate::drop::ErrorDetails { path: e.path },
+              })
+              .collect();
+            crate::drop::Drop::with_errors(errors)
+          }
+        }
+        Err(e) => crate::drop::Drop::with_errors(vec![crate::drop::Error {
+          code: e.code,
+          message: e.message,
+          details: crate::drop::ErrorDetails { path: e.path },
+        }]),
+      }
+    } else {
+      crate::drop::Drop::with_errors(vec![crate::drop::Error {
+        code: "SCHEMA_NOT_FOUND".to_string(),
+        message: format!("Schema {} not found", schema_id),
+        details: crate::drop::ErrorDetails {
+          path: "".to_string(),
+        },
+      }])
+    }
+  }
+}

src/validator/result.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+
+use crate::validator::error::ValidationError;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, serde::Serialize)]
+pub struct ValidationResult {
+  pub errors: Vec<ValidationError>,
+  #[serde(skip)]
+  pub evaluated_keys: HashSet<String>,
+  #[serde(skip)]
+  pub evaluated_indices: HashSet<usize>,
+}
+
+impl ValidationResult {
+  pub fn new() -> Self {
+    Self::default()
+  }
+
+  pub fn merge(&mut self, other: ValidationResult) {
+    self.errors.extend(other.errors);
+    self.evaluated_keys.extend(other.evaluated_keys);
+    self.evaluated_indices.extend(other.evaluated_indices);
+  }
+
+  pub fn is_valid(&self) -> bool {
+    self.errors.is_empty()
+  }
+}

src/validator/rules/array.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+
+use serde_json::Value;
+
+use crate::validator::context::ValidationContext;
+use crate::validator::error::ValidationError;
+use crate::validator::result::ValidationResult;
+
+impl<'a> ValidationContext<'a> {
+  pub(crate) fn validate_array(
+    &self,
+    result: &mut ValidationResult,
+  ) -> Result<bool, ValidationError> {
+    let current = self.instance;
+    if let Some(arr) = current.as_array() {
+      if let Some(min) = self.schema.min_items
+        && (arr.len() as f64) < min
+      {
+        result.errors.push(ValidationError {
+          code: "MIN_ITEMS".to_string(),
+          message: "Too few items".to_string(),
+          path: self.path.to_string(),
+        });
+      }
+      if let Some(max) = self.schema.max_items
+        && (arr.len() as f64) > max
+      {
+        result.errors.push(ValidationError {
+          code: "MAX_ITEMS".to_string(),
+          message: "Too many items".to_string(),
+          path: self.path.to_string(),
+        });
+      }
+
+      if self.schema.unique_items.unwrap_or(false) {
+        let mut seen: Vec<&Value> = Vec::new();
+        for item in arr {
+          if seen.contains(&item) {
+            result.errors.push(ValidationError {
+              code: "UNIQUE_ITEMS_VIOLATED".to_string(),
+              message: "Array has duplicate items".to_string(),
+              path: self.path.to_string(),
+            });
+            break;
+          }
+          seen.push(item);
+        }
+      }
+
+      if let Some(ref contains_schema) = self.schema.contains {
+        let mut _match_count = 0;
+        for (i, child_instance) in arr.iter().enumerate() {
+          let derived = self.derive(
+            contains_schema,
+            child_instance,
+            &self.path,
+            HashSet::new(),
+            self.extensible,
+            false,
+          );
+
+          let check = derived.validate()?;
+          if check.is_valid() {
+            _match_count += 1;
+            result.evaluated_indices.insert(i);
+          }
+        }
+
+        let min = self.schema.min_contains.unwrap_or(1.0) as usize;
+        if _match_count < min {
+          result.errors.push(ValidationError {
+            code: "CONTAINS_VIOLATED".to_string(),
+            message: format!("Contains matches {} < min {}", _match_count, min),
+            path: self.path.to_string(),
+          });
+        }
+        if let Some(max) = self.schema.max_contains
+          && _match_count > max as usize
+        {
+          result.errors.push(ValidationError {
+            code: "CONTAINS_VIOLATED".to_string(),
+            message: format!("Contains matches {} > max {}", _match_count, max),
+            path: self.path.to_string(),
+          });
+        }
+      }
+
+      let len = arr.len();
+      let mut validation_index = 0;
+
+      if let Some(ref prefix) = self.schema.prefix_items {
+        for (i, sub_schema) in prefix.iter().enumerate() {
+          if i < len {
+            let path = format!("{}/{}", self.path, i);
+            if let Some(child_instance) = arr.get(i) {
+              let derived = self.derive(
+                sub_schema,
+                child_instance,
+                &path,
+                HashSet::new(),
+                self.extensible,
+                false,
+              );
+              let item_res = derived.validate()?;
+              result.merge(item_res);
+              result.evaluated_indices.insert(i);
+              validation_index += 1;
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      if let Some(ref items_schema) = self.schema.items {
+        for i in validation_index..len {
+          let path = format!("{}/{}", self.path, i);
+          if let Some(child_instance) = arr.get(i) {
+            let derived = self.derive(
+              items_schema,
+              child_instance,
+              &path,
+              HashSet::new(),
+              self.extensible,
+              false,
+            );
+            let item_res = derived.validate()?;
+            result.merge(item_res);
+            result.evaluated_indices.insert(i);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    Ok(true)
+  }
+}

src/validator/rules/combinators.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+use crate::validator::context::ValidationContext;
+use crate::validator::error::ValidationError;
+use crate::validator::result::ValidationResult;
+
+impl<'a> ValidationContext<'a> {
+  pub(crate) fn validate_combinators(
+    &self,
+    result: &mut ValidationResult,
+  ) -> Result<bool, ValidationError> {
+    if let Some(ref all_of) = self.schema.all_of {
+      for sub in all_of {
+        let derived = self.derive_for_schema(sub, true);
+        let res = derived.validate()?;
+        result.merge(res);
+      }
+    }
+
+    if let Some(ref one_of) = self.schema.one_of {
+      let mut passed_candidates: Vec<(Option<String>, usize, ValidationResult)> = Vec::new();
+
+      for sub in one_of {
+        let derived = self.derive_for_schema(sub, true);
+        let sub_res = derived.validate()?;
+        if sub_res.is_valid() {
+          let child_id = sub.id.clone();
+          let depth = child_id
+            .as_ref()
+            .and_then(|id| self.db.depths.get(id).copied())
+            .unwrap_or(0);
+          passed_candidates.push((child_id, depth, sub_res));
+        }
+      }
+
+      if passed_candidates.len() == 1 {
+        result.merge(passed_candidates.pop().unwrap().2);
+      } else if passed_candidates.is_empty() {
+        result.errors.push(ValidationError {
+          code: "NO_ONEOF_MATCH".to_string(),
+          message: "Matches none of oneOf schemas".to_string(),
+          path: self.path.to_string(),
+        });
+      } else {
+        // Apply depth heuristic tie-breaker
+        let mut best_depth: Option<usize> = None;
+        let mut ambiguous = false;
+        let mut best_res = None;
+
+        for (_, depth, res) in passed_candidates.into_iter() {
+          if let Some(current_best) = best_depth {
+            if depth > current_best {
+              best_depth = Some(depth);
+              best_res = Some(res);
+              ambiguous = false;
+            } else if depth == current_best {
+              ambiguous = true;
+            }
+          } else {
+            best_depth = Some(depth);
+            best_res = Some(res);
+          }
+        }
+
+        if !ambiguous {
+          if let Some(res) = best_res {
+            result.merge(res);
+            return Ok(true);
+          }
+        }
+
+        result.errors.push(ValidationError {
+          code: "AMBIGUOUS_ONEOF_MATCH".to_string(),
+          message: "Matches multiple oneOf schemas without a clear depth winner".to_string(),
+          path: self.path.to_string(),
+        });
+      }
+    }
+
+    if let Some(ref not_schema) = self.schema.not {
+      let derived = self.derive_for_schema(not_schema, true);
+      let sub_res = derived.validate()?;
+      if sub_res.is_valid() {
+        result.errors.push(ValidationError {
+          code: "NOT_VIOLATED".to_string(),
+          message: "Matched 'not' schema".to_string(),
+          path: self.path.to_string(),
+        });
+      }
+    }
+
+    Ok(true)
+  }
+}

src/validator/rules/conditionals.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+use crate::validator::context::ValidationContext;
+use crate::validator::error::ValidationError;
+use crate::validator::result::ValidationResult;
+
+impl<'a> ValidationContext<'a> {
+  pub(crate) fn validate_conditionals(
+    &self,
+    result: &mut ValidationResult,
+  ) -> Result<bool, ValidationError> {
+    if let Some(ref if_schema) = self.schema.if_ {
+      let derived_if = self.derive_for_schema(if_schema, true);
+      let if_res = derived_if.validate()?;
+
+      result.evaluated_keys.extend(if_res.evaluated_keys.clone());
+      result
+        .evaluated_indices
+        .extend(if_res.evaluated_indices.clone());
+
+      if if_res.is_valid() {
+        if let Some(ref then_schema) = self.schema.then_ {
+          let derived_then = self.derive_for_schema(then_schema, true);
+          result.merge(derived_then.validate()?);
+        }
+      } else if let Some(ref else_schema) = self.schema.else_ {
+        let derived_else = self.derive_for_schema(else_schema, true);
+        result.merge(derived_else.validate()?);
+      }
+    }
+
+    Ok(true)
+  }
+
+  pub(crate) fn validate_strictness(
+    &self,
+    result: &mut ValidationResult,
+  ) -> Result<bool, ValidationError> {
+    if self.extensible || self.reporter {
+      return Ok(true);
+    }
+
+    if let Some(obj) = self.instance.as_object() {
+      for key in obj.keys() {
+        if !result.evaluated_keys.contains(key) && !self.overrides.contains(key) {
+          result.errors.push(ValidationError {
+            code: "STRICT_PROPERTY_VIOLATION".to_string(),
+            message: format!("Unexpected property '{}'", key),
+            path: format!("{}/{}", self.path, key),
+          });
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    if let Some(arr) = self.instance.as_array() {
+      for i in 0..arr.len() {
+        if !result.evaluated_indices.contains(&i) {
+          result.errors.push(ValidationError {
+            code: "STRICT_ITEM_VIOLATION".to_string(),
+            message: format!("Unexpected item at index {}", i),
+            path: format!("{}/{}", self.path, i),
+          });
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    Ok(true)
+  }
+}

src/validator/rules/core.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+use crate::validator::Validator;
+use crate::validator::context::ValidationContext;
+use crate::validator::error::ValidationError;
+use crate::validator::result::ValidationResult;
+use crate::validator::rules::util::equals;
+
+impl<'a> ValidationContext<'a> {
+  pub(crate) fn validate_core(
+    &self,
+    result: &mut ValidationResult,
+  ) -> Result<bool, ValidationError> {
+    let current = self.instance;
+
+    if let Some(ref type_) = self.schema.type_ {
+      match type_ {
+        crate::database::schema::SchemaTypeOrArray::Single(t) => {
+          if !Validator::check_type(t, current) {
+            result.errors.push(ValidationError {
+              code: "INVALID_TYPE".to_string(),
+              message: format!("Expected type '{}'", t),
+              path: self.path.to_string(),
+            });
+          }
+        }
+        crate::database::schema::SchemaTypeOrArray::Multiple(types) => {
+          let mut valid = false;
+          for t in types {
+            if Validator::check_type(t, current) {
+              valid = true;
+              break;
+            }
+          }
+          if !valid {
+            result.errors.push(ValidationError {
+              code: "INVALID_TYPE".to_string(),
+              message: format!("Expected one of types {:?}", types),
+              path: self.path.to_string(),
+            });
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    if let Some(ref const_val) = self.schema.const_ {
+      if !equals(current, const_val) {
+        result.errors.push(ValidationError {
+          code: "CONST_VIOLATED".to_string(),
+          message: "Value does not match const".to_string(),
+          path: self.path.to_string(),
+        });
+      } else if let Some(obj) = current.as_object() {
+        result.evaluated_keys.extend(obj.keys().cloned());
+      } else if let Some(arr) = current.as_array() {
+        result.evaluated_indices.extend(0..arr.len());
+      }
+    }
+
+    if let Some(ref enum_vals) = self.schema.enum_ {
+      let mut found = false;
+      for val in enum_vals {
+        if equals(current, val) {
+          found = true;
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+      if !found {
+        result.errors.push(ValidationError {
+          code: "ENUM_MISMATCH".to_string(),
+          message: "Value is not in enum".to_string(),
+          path: self.path.to_string(),
+        });
+      } else if let Some(obj) = current.as_object() {
+        result.evaluated_keys.extend(obj.keys().cloned());
+      } else if let Some(arr) = current.as_array() {
+        result.evaluated_indices.extend(0..arr.len());
+      }
+    }
+
+    Ok(true)
+  }
+}

src/validator/rules/format.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+use crate::validator::context::ValidationContext;
+use crate::validator::error::ValidationError;
+use crate::validator::result::ValidationResult;
+
+impl<'a> ValidationContext<'a> {
+  pub(crate) fn validate_format(
+    &self,
+    result: &mut ValidationResult,
+  ) -> Result<bool, ValidationError> {
+    let current = self.instance;
+    if let Some(ref compiled_fmt) = self.schema.compiled_format {
+      match compiled_fmt {
+        crate::database::schema::CompiledFormat::Func(f) => {
+          let should = if let Some(s) = current.as_str() {
+            !s.is_empty()
+          } else {
+            true
+          };
+          if should && let Err(e) = f(current) {
+            result.errors.push(ValidationError {
+              code: "FORMAT_MISMATCH".to_string(),
+              message: format!("Format error: {}", e),
+              path: self.path.to_string(),
+            });
+          }
+        }
+        crate::database::schema::CompiledFormat::Regex(re) => {
+          if let Some(s) = current.as_str()
+            && !re.is_match(s)
+          {
+            result.errors.push(ValidationError {
+              code: "FORMAT_MISMATCH".to_string(),
+              message: "Format regex mismatch".to_string(),
+              path: self.path.to_string(),
+            });
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    Ok(true)
+  }
+}

src/validator/rules/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+use crate::validator::context::ValidationContext;
+use crate::validator::error::ValidationError;
+use crate::validator::result::ValidationResult;
+
+pub mod array;
+pub mod combinators;
+pub mod conditionals;
+pub mod core;
+pub mod format;
+pub mod numeric;
+pub mod object;
+pub mod polymorphism;
+pub mod string;
+pub mod util;
+
+impl<'a> ValidationContext<'a> {
+  pub(crate) fn validate_scoped(&self) -> Result<ValidationResult, ValidationError> {
+    let mut result = ValidationResult::new();
+
+    // Structural Limits
+    if !self.validate_depth(&mut result)? {
+      return Ok(result);
+    }
+    if !self.validate_always_fail(&mut result)? {
+      return Ok(result);
+    }
+    if !self.validate_family(&mut result)? {
+      return Ok(result);
+    }
+    if !self.validate_refs(&mut result)? {
+      return Ok(result);
+    }
+
+    // Core Type Constraints
+    self.validate_core(&mut result)?;
+    self.validate_numeric(&mut result)?;
+    self.validate_string(&mut result)?;
+    self.validate_format(&mut result)?;
+
+    // Complex Structures
+    self.validate_object(&mut result)?;
+    self.validate_array(&mut result)?;
+
+    // Multipliers & Conditionals
+    self.validate_combinators(&mut result)?;
+    self.validate_conditionals(&mut result)?;
+
+    // State Tracking
+    self.validate_extensible(&mut result)?;
+    self.validate_strictness(&mut result)?;
+
+    Ok(result)
+  }
+
+  fn validate_depth(&self, _result: &mut ValidationResult) -> Result<bool, ValidationError> {
+    if self.depth > 100 {
+      Err(ValidationError {
+        code: "RECURSION_LIMIT_EXCEEDED".to_string(),
+        message: "Recursion limit exceeded".to_string(),
+        path: self.path.to_string(),
+      })
+    } else {
+      Ok(true)
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn validate_always_fail(&self, result: &mut ValidationResult) -> Result<bool, ValidationError> {
+    if self.schema.always_fail {
+      result.errors.push(ValidationError {
+        code: "FALSE_SCHEMA".to_string(),
+        message: "Schema is false".to_string(),
+        path: self.path.to_string(),
+      });
+      // Short-circuit
+      Ok(false)
+    } else {
+      Ok(true)
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn validate_extensible(&self, result: &mut ValidationResult) -> Result<bool, ValidationError> {
+    if self.extensible {
+      if let Some(obj) = self.instance.as_object() {
+        result.evaluated_keys.extend(obj.keys().cloned());
+      } else if let Some(arr) = self.instance.as_array() {
+        result.evaluated_indices.extend(0..arr.len());
+      }
+    }
+    Ok(true)
+  }
+}

src/validator/rules/numeric.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+use crate::validator::context::ValidationContext;
+use crate::validator::error::ValidationError;
+use crate::validator::result::ValidationResult;
+
+impl<'a> ValidationContext<'a> {
+  pub(crate) fn validate_numeric(
+    &self,
+    result: &mut ValidationResult,
+  ) -> Result<bool, ValidationError> {
+    let current = self.instance;
+    if let Some(num) = current.as_f64() {
+      if let Some(min) = self.schema.minimum
+        && num < min
+      {
+        result.errors.push(ValidationError {
+          code: "MINIMUM_VIOLATED".to_string(),
+          message: format!("Value {} < min {}", num, min),
+          path: self.path.to_string(),
+        });
+      }
+      if let Some(max) = self.schema.maximum
+        && num > max
+      {
+        result.errors.push(ValidationError {
+          code: "MAXIMUM_VIOLATED".to_string(),
+          message: format!("Value {} > max {}", num, max),
+          path: self.path.to_string(),
+        });
+      }
+      if let Some(ex_min) = self.schema.exclusive_minimum
+        && num <= ex_min
+      {
+        result.errors.push(ValidationError {
+          code: "EXCLUSIVE_MINIMUM_VIOLATED".to_string(),
+          message: format!("Value {} <= ex_min {}", num, ex_min),
+          path: self.path.to_string(),
+        });
+      }
+      if let Some(ex_max) = self.schema.exclusive_maximum
+        && num >= ex_max
+      {
+        result.errors.push(ValidationError {
+          code: "EXCLUSIVE_MAXIMUM_VIOLATED".to_string(),
+          message: format!("Value {} >= ex_max {}", num, ex_max),
+          path: self.path.to_string(),
+        });
+      }
+      if let Some(multiple_of) = self.schema.multiple_of {
+        let val: f64 = num / multiple_of;
+        if (val - val.round()).abs() > f64::EPSILON {
+          result.errors.push(ValidationError {
+            code: "MULTIPLE_OF_VIOLATED".to_string(),
+            message: format!("Value {} not multiple of {}", num, multiple_of),
+            path: self.path.to_string(),
+          });
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    Ok(true)
+  }
+}

src/validator/rules/object.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+
+use serde_json::Value;
+
+use crate::validator::context::ValidationContext;
+use crate::validator::error::ValidationError;
+use crate::validator::result::ValidationResult;
+
+impl<'a> ValidationContext<'a> {
+  pub(crate) fn validate_object(
+    &self,
+    result: &mut ValidationResult,
+  ) -> Result<bool, ValidationError> {
+    let current = self.instance;
+    if let Some(obj) = current.as_object() {
+      // Entity Bound Implicit Type Validation
+      if let Some(lookup_key) = self.schema.id.as_ref().or(self.schema.r#ref.as_ref()) {
+        let base_type_name = lookup_key.split('.').next_back().unwrap_or("").to_string();
+        if let Some(type_def) = self.db.types.get(&base_type_name)
+          && let Some(type_val) = obj.get("type")
+          && let Some(type_str) = type_val.as_str()
+        {
+          if type_def.variations.contains(type_str) {
+            // Ensure it passes strict mode
+            result.evaluated_keys.insert("type".to_string());
+          } else {
+            result.errors.push(ValidationError {
+              code: "CONST_VIOLATED".to_string(), // Aligning with original const override errors
+              message: format!(
+                "Type '{}' is not a valid descendant for this entity bound schema",
+                type_str
+              ),
+              path: format!("{}/type", self.path),
+            });
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      if let Some(min) = self.schema.min_properties
+        && (obj.len() as f64) < min
+      {
+        result.errors.push(ValidationError {
+          code: "MIN_PROPERTIES".to_string(),
+          message: "Too few properties".to_string(),
+          path: self.path.to_string(),
+        });
+      }
+      if let Some(max) = self.schema.max_properties
+        && (obj.len() as f64) > max
+      {
+        result.errors.push(ValidationError {
+          code: "MAX_PROPERTIES".to_string(),
+          message: "Too many properties".to_string(),
+          path: self.path.to_string(),
+        });
+      }
+      if let Some(ref req) = self.schema.required {
+        for field in req {
+          if !obj.contains_key(field) {
+            result.errors.push(ValidationError {
+              code: "REQUIRED_FIELD_MISSING".to_string(),
+              message: format!("Missing {}", field),
+              path: format!("{}/{}", self.path, field),
+            });
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      if let Some(ref deps) = self.schema.dependencies {
+        for (prop, dep) in deps {
+          if obj.contains_key(prop) {
+            match dep {
+              crate::database::schema::Dependency::Props(required_props) => {
+                for req_prop in required_props {
+                  if !obj.contains_key(req_prop) {
+                    result.errors.push(ValidationError {
+                      code: "DEPENDENCY_MISSING".to_string(),
+                      message: format!("Property '{}' requires property '{}'", prop, req_prop),
+                      path: self.path.to_string(),
+                    });
+                  }
+                }
+              }
+              crate::database::schema::Dependency::Schema(dep_schema) => {
+                let derived = self.derive_for_schema(dep_schema, false);
+                let dep_res = derived.validate()?;
+                result.evaluated_keys.extend(dep_res.evaluated_keys.clone());
+                result.merge(dep_res);
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      if let Some(props) = &self.schema.properties {
+        for (key, sub_schema) in props {
+          if self.overrides.contains(key) {
+            continue; // Skip validation if exactly this property was overridden by a child
+          }
+
+          if let Some(child_instance) = obj.get(key) {
+            let new_path = format!("{}/{}", self.path, key);
+            let is_ref = sub_schema.r#ref.is_some();
+            let next_extensible = if is_ref { false } else { self.extensible };
+
+            let derived = self.derive(
+              sub_schema,
+              child_instance,
+              &new_path,
+              HashSet::new(),
+              next_extensible,
+              false,
+            );
+            let mut item_res = derived.validate()?;
+
+            // Entity Bound Implicit Type Interception
+            if key == "type"
+              && let Some(lookup_key) = sub_schema.id.as_ref().or(sub_schema.r#ref.as_ref())
+            {
+              let base_type_name = lookup_key.split('.').next_back().unwrap_or("").to_string();
+              if let Some(type_def) = self.db.types.get(&base_type_name)
+                && let Some(instance_type) = child_instance.as_str()
+                && type_def.variations.contains(instance_type)
+              {
+                item_res
+                  .errors
+                  .retain(|e| e.code != "CONST_VIOLATED" && e.code != "ENUM_VIOLATED");
+              }
+            }
+
+            result.merge(item_res);
+            result.evaluated_keys.insert(key.to_string());
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      if let Some(ref compiled_pp) = self.schema.compiled_pattern_properties {
+        for (compiled_re, sub_schema) in compiled_pp {
+          for (key, child_instance) in obj {
+            if compiled_re.0.is_match(key) {
+              let new_path = format!("{}/{}", self.path, key);
+              let is_ref = sub_schema.r#ref.is_some();
+              let next_extensible = if is_ref { false } else { self.extensible };
+
+              let derived = self.derive(
+                sub_schema,
+                child_instance,
+                &new_path,
+                HashSet::new(),
+                next_extensible,
+                false,
+              );
+              let item_res = derived.validate()?;
+              result.merge(item_res);
+              result.evaluated_keys.insert(key.to_string());
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      if let Some(ref additional_schema) = self.schema.additional_properties {
+        for (key, child_instance) in obj {
+          let mut locally_matched = false;
+          if let Some(props) = &self.schema.properties
+            && props.contains_key(&key.to_string())
+          {
+            locally_matched = true;
+          }
+          if !locally_matched && let Some(ref compiled_pp) = self.schema.compiled_pattern_properties
+          {
+            for (compiled_re, _) in compiled_pp {
+              if compiled_re.0.is_match(key) {
+                locally_matched = true;
+                break;
+              }
+            }
+          }
+
+          if !locally_matched {
+            let new_path = format!("{}/{}", self.path, key);
+            let is_ref = additional_schema.r#ref.is_some();
+            let next_extensible = if is_ref { false } else { self.extensible };
+
+            let derived = self.derive(
+              additional_schema,
+              child_instance,
+              &new_path,
+              HashSet::new(),
+              next_extensible,
+              false,
+            );
+            let item_res = derived.validate()?;
+            result.merge(item_res);
+            result.evaluated_keys.insert(key.to_string());
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      if let Some(ref property_names) = self.schema.property_names {
+        for key in obj.keys() {
+          let _new_path = format!("{}/propertyNames/{}", self.path, key);
+          let val_str = Value::String(key.to_string());
+
+          let ctx = ValidationContext::new(
+            self.db,
+            self.root,
+            property_names,
+            &val_str,
+            HashSet::new(),
+            self.extensible,
+            self.reporter,
+          );
+
+          result.merge(ctx.validate()?);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    Ok(true)
+  }
+}

src/validator/rules/polymorphism.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+use crate::validator::context::ValidationContext;
+use crate::validator::error::ValidationError;
+use crate::validator::result::ValidationResult;
+
+impl<'a> ValidationContext<'a> {
+  pub(crate) fn validate_family(
+    &self,
+    result: &mut ValidationResult,
+  ) -> Result<bool, ValidationError> {
+    if self.schema.family.is_some() {
+      let conflicts = self.schema.type_.is_some()
+        || self.schema.properties.is_some()
+        || self.schema.required.is_some()
+        || self.schema.additional_properties.is_some()
+        || self.schema.items.is_some()
+        || self.schema.r#ref.is_some()
+        || self.schema.one_of.is_some()
+        || self.schema.all_of.is_some()
+        || self.schema.enum_.is_some()
+        || self.schema.const_.is_some();
+
+      if conflicts {
+        result.errors.push(ValidationError {
+          code: "INVALID_SCHEMA".to_string(),
+          message: "$family must be used exclusively without other constraints".to_string(),
+          path: self.path.to_string(),
+        });
+        // Short-circuit: the schema formulation is broken
+        return Ok(false);
+      }
+    }
+
+    if let Some(family_target) = &self.schema.family {
+      // The descendants map is keyed by the schema's own $id, not the target string.
+      if let Some(schema_id) = &self.schema.id
+        && let Some(descendants) = self.db.descendants.get(schema_id)
+      {
+        // Validate against all descendants simulating strict oneOf logic
+        let mut passed_candidates: Vec<(String, usize, ValidationResult)> = Vec::new();
+
+        // The target itself is also an implicitly valid candidate
+        let mut all_targets = vec![family_target.clone()];
+        all_targets.extend(descendants.clone());
+
+        for child_id in &all_targets {
+          if let Some(child_schema) = self.db.schemas.get(child_id) {
+            let derived = self.derive(
+              child_schema,
+              self.instance,
+              &self.path,
+              self.overrides.clone(),
+              self.extensible,
+              self.reporter, // Inherit parent reporter flag, do not bypass strictness!
+            );
+
+            // Explicitly run validate_scoped to accurately test candidates with strictness checks enabled
+            let res = derived.validate_scoped()?;
+
+            if res.is_valid() {
+              let depth = self.db.depths.get(child_id).copied().unwrap_or(0);
+              passed_candidates.push((child_id.clone(), depth, res));
+            }
+          }
+        }
+
+        if passed_candidates.len() == 1 {
+          result.merge(passed_candidates.pop().unwrap().2);
+        } else if passed_candidates.is_empty() {
+          result.errors.push(ValidationError {
+            code: "NO_FAMILY_MATCH".to_string(),
+            message: format!(
+              "Payload did not match any descendants of family '{}'",
+              family_target
+            ),
+            path: self.path.to_string(),
+          });
+        } else {
+          // Apply depth heuristic tie-breaker
+          let mut best_depth: Option<usize> = None;
+          let mut ambiguous = false;
+          let mut best_res = None;
+
+          for (_, depth, res) in passed_candidates.into_iter() {
+            if let Some(current_best) = best_depth {
+              if depth > current_best {
+                best_depth = Some(depth);
+                best_res = Some(res);
+                ambiguous = false; // Broke the tie
+              } else if depth == current_best {
+                ambiguous = true; // Tie at the highest level
+              }
+            } else {
+              best_depth = Some(depth);
+              best_res = Some(res);
+            }
+          }
+
+          if !ambiguous {
+            if let Some(res) = best_res {
+              result.merge(res);
+              return Ok(true);
+            }
+          }
+
+          result.errors.push(ValidationError {
+            code: "AMBIGUOUS_FAMILY_MATCH".to_string(),
+            message: format!(
+              "Payload matched multiple descendants of family '{}' without a clear depth winner",
+              family_target
+            ),
+            path: self.path.to_string(),
+          });
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    Ok(true)
+  }
+
+  pub(crate) fn validate_refs(
+    &self,
+    result: &mut ValidationResult,
+  ) -> Result<bool, ValidationError> {
+    // 1. Core $ref logic relies on the fast O(1) map to allow cycles and proper nesting
+    if let Some(ref_str) = &self.schema.r#ref {
+      if let Some(global_schema) = self.db.schemas.get(ref_str) {
+        let mut new_overrides = self.overrides.clone();
+        if let Some(props) = &self.schema.properties {
+          new_overrides.extend(props.keys().map(|k| k.to_string()));
+        }
+
+        let mut shadow = self.derive(
+          global_schema,
+          self.instance,
+          &self.path,
+          new_overrides,
+          self.extensible,
+          true,
+        );
+        shadow.root = global_schema;
+        result.merge(shadow.validate()?);
+      } else {
+        result.errors.push(ValidationError {
+          code: "REF_RESOLUTION_FAILED".to_string(),
+          message: format!(
+            "Reference pointer to '{}' was not found in schema registry",
+            ref_str
+          ),
+          path: self.path.to_string(),
+        });
+      }
+    }
+    Ok(true)
+  }
+}

src/validator/rules/string.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+use crate::validator::context::ValidationContext;
+use crate::validator::error::ValidationError;
+use crate::validator::result::ValidationResult;
+use regex::Regex;
+
+impl<'a> ValidationContext<'a> {
+  pub(crate) fn validate_string(
+    &self,
+    result: &mut ValidationResult,
+  ) -> Result<bool, ValidationError> {
+    let current = self.instance;
+    if let Some(s) = current.as_str() {
+      if let Some(min) = self.schema.min_length
+        && (s.chars().count() as f64) < min
+      {
+        result.errors.push(ValidationError {
+          code: "MIN_LENGTH_VIOLATED".to_string(),
+          message: format!("Length < min {}", min),
+          path: self.path.to_string(),
+        });
+      }
+      if let Some(max) = self.schema.max_length
+        && (s.chars().count() as f64) > max
+      {
+        result.errors.push(ValidationError {
+          code: "MAX_LENGTH_VIOLATED".to_string(),
+          message: format!("Length > max {}", max),
+          path: self.path.to_string(),
+        });
+      }
+      if let Some(ref compiled_re) = self.schema.compiled_pattern {
+        if !compiled_re.0.is_match(s) {
+          result.errors.push(ValidationError {
+            code: "PATTERN_VIOLATED".to_string(),
+            message: format!("Pattern mismatch {:?}", self.schema.pattern),
+            path: self.path.to_string(),
+          });
+        }
+      } else if let Some(ref pattern) = self.schema.pattern
+        && let Ok(re) = Regex::new(pattern)
+        && !re.is_match(s)
+      {
+        result.errors.push(ValidationError {
+          code: "PATTERN_VIOLATED".to_string(),
+          message: format!("Pattern mismatch {}", pattern),
+          path: self.path.to_string(),
+        });
+      }
+    }
+    Ok(true)
+  }
+}

src/validator/rules/util.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+use serde_json::Value;
+
+pub fn is_integer(v: &Value) -> bool {
+  match v {
+    Value::Number(n) => {
+      n.is_i64() || n.is_u64() || n.as_f64().filter(|n| n.fract() == 0.0).is_some()
+    }
+    _ => false,
+  }
+}
+
+/// serde_json treats 0 and 0.0 not equal. so we cannot simply use v1==v2
+pub fn equals(v1: &Value, v2: &Value) -> bool {
+  match (v1, v2) {
+    (Value::Null, Value::Null) => true,
+    (Value::Bool(b1), Value::Bool(b2)) => b1 == b2,
+    (Value::Number(n1), Value::Number(n2)) => {
+      if let (Some(n1), Some(n2)) = (n1.as_u64(), n2.as_u64()) {
+        return n1 == n2;
+      }
+      if let (Some(n1), Some(n2)) = (n1.as_i64(), n2.as_i64()) {
+        return n1 == n2;
+      }
+      if let (Some(n1), Some(n2)) = (n1.as_f64(), n2.as_f64()) {
+        return (n1 - n2).abs() < f64::EPSILON;
+      }
+      false
+    }
+    (Value::String(s1), Value::String(s2)) => s1 == s2,
+    (Value::Array(arr1), Value::Array(arr2)) => {
+      if arr1.len() != arr2.len() {
+        return false;
+      }
+      arr1.iter().zip(arr2).all(|(e1, e2)| equals(e1, e2))
+    }
+    (Value::Object(obj1), Value::Object(obj2)) => {
+      if obj1.len() != obj2.len() {
+        return false;
+      }
+      for (k1, v1) in obj1 {
+        if let Some(v2) = obj2.get(k1) {
+          if !equals(v1, v2) {
+            return false;
+          }
+        } else {
+          return false;
+        }
+      }
+      true
+    }
+    _ => false,
+  }
+}

validator/CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,81 +0,0 @@
-# Changelog
-
-## [Unreleased]
-
-### Bug Fixes
-- validator: ensure `uneval` state is propagated when `$ref` validation fails
-
-## [0.6.1] - 2025-01-07
-
-### Bug Fixes
-- fix: FileLoader should not be used in wasm
-
-## [0.6.0] - 2024-05-30
-
-### Braking Changes
-- loader: Allow to replace entirely
-
-### Bug Fixes
-- seperate doc loading from root creation
-- validator: if contentEncoding fails, skip contentMediaType
-- loader: should load latest from metaschemas dir
-- fix: hash for json numbers with zero fractions
-- fix: resources/anchors in non-std schema loc not supported
-
-### Changes
-- boon binary artificats under github release
-- boon binary `--cacert` option
-- boon binary `--insecure` flag
-
-## [0.5.3] - 2024-01-27
-
-### Changes
-- updated dependencies
-
-## [0.5.2] - 2024-01-27
-
-### Bug Fixes
-
-- Error message for failed const validation is wrong
-
-## [0.5.1] - 2023-07-13
-
-### Changes
-
-- WASM compatibility
-- minor performance improvements
-
-## [0.5.0] - 2023-03-29
-
-### Breaking Changes
-- chages to error api
-
-### Performance
-- minor improvements in validation
-
-## [0.4.0] - 2023-03-24
-
-### Breaking Changes
-- chages to error api
-
-### Fixed
-- Compler.add_resource should not check file exists
-
-### Added
-- implement `contentSchema` keyword
-- ECMA-262 regex compatibility
-- add example_custom_content_encoding
-- add example_custom_content_media_type
-
-### Performance
-- significant improvement in validation
-
-## [0.3.1] - 2023-03-07
-
-### Added
-- add example_from_yaml_files
-- cli: support yaml files
-
-### Fixed
-- ensure fragment decoded before use
-- $dynamicRef w/o anchor is same as $ref

validator/Cargo.toml

@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-[package]
-name = "boon"
-version = "0.6.1"
-edition = "2024"
-description = "JSONSchema (draft 2020-12, draft 2019-09, draft-7, draft-6, draft-4) Validation"
-readme = "README.md"
-repository = "https://github.com/santhosh-tekuri/boon"
-authors = ["santhosh kumar tekuri <santhosh.tekuri@gmail.com>"]
-keywords = ["jsonschema", "validation"]
-license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
-categories = ["web-programming"]
-exclude = [ "tests", ".github", ".gitmodules" ]
-
-[dependencies]
-pgrx = "0.16.1"
-serde = "1"
-serde_json = "1"
-regex = "1.12.2"
-regex-syntax = "0.8.8"
-url = "2"
-fluent-uri = "0.4.1"
-idna = "1.1"
-percent-encoding = "2"
-once_cell = "1"
-base64 = "0.22"
-ahash = "0.8.12"
-appendlist = "1.4"
-
-[dev-dependencies]
-pgrx-tests = "0.16.1"
-serde = { version = "1.0", features = ["derive"] }
-serde_yaml = "0.9"
-ureq = "3.1"
-rustls = "0.23"
-criterion = "0.7"
-
-[[bench]]
-name = "bench"
-harness = false